Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Discussion Paper - Victorian ...

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2 METROPOLITAN MELBOURNE – THE PLACE CHAPTER 2 provides information about the geology and geomorphology, hydrology, biodiversity and climate of the investigation area. 2.1 Geology and geomorphology of the investigation area This section provides a geological and geomorphological history for metropolitan Melbourne and describes important geological sites. Geology encompasses the origin, distribution, physical structure and formation of rocks on the earth. Geomorphology is the study of landforms such as mountains, plains, coastlines and rivers, and the processes that shape them. These may be infl uenced by land-use practices such as the building of dams, jetties, bridges or other structures. Across much of metropolitan Melbourne the surface expression of the geological past is obscured by urbanisation. However, in some places such as along streams, railway and road cuttings, coastal cliffs, and in areas of high elevation to the north and east of Melbourne, outcropping rocks still reveal its long geological history. Melbourne’s natural geomorphological processes have been extensively altered. The Yarra River and Moonee Ponds Creek are reshaped, and many waterways have been utilised as drains, and at times, open sewers. Coastal changes such as artifi cial harbours, groynes and piers affect the seasonal movement of coastal sediments and the natural shape of popular beaches. Many beaches are now artifi cially renourished because of these alterations to natural processes. New landforms have been created, such as Herring Island located in the Yarra River near Burnley, and other areas have been reclaimed from the sea. 2.1.1 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE MELBOURNE REGION The geology of metropolitan Melbourne ranges in age from around 480 million years ago (Ma) in the Palaeozoic era to the last few thousand years. A geological timeline including eras, periods and epochs of geological time is shown in table 2.1. Rocks in this region were formed during two main geological eras and comprise: Palaeozoic era sedimentary and granitic rocks, and Cainozoic era sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Major events in the Earth’s history are also described in table 2.1. The oldest Palaeozoic age (251 to 542 Ma) rocks in the investigation area, and indeed those of south-eastern Australia, are described in terms of a series of geological zones based on changing rock types or character. A geological map of the investigation area showing these zones is in fi gure 2.1. These structural zones have experienced a complex history of major mountain building events, burial, erosion, faulting (deformed by breaking) and folding. Two of these zones occur in the investigation area: a small region of the Bendigo Zone in the west and the Melbourne Zone in the east. The Bendigo Zone — folded and faulted Ordovician age deep-sea sediments — occurs west of a major rock break-line exposed at the surface near Heathcote and extending from Sunbury to Werribee in the investigation area. 22 These rocks are mostly buried beneath younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks across much of western part of the investigation area. Ordovician through to Devonian age sandstones and mudstones of the Melbourne Zone, once buried to great depths then folded and faulted, returned once again to the Earth’s surface across the central and eastern parts of the investigation area. 20
Table 2.1 Geological timescale and major events (Ma= millions of years) Source: A Geologic Time Scale 2004 23 ERA SUB-ERA OR PERIOD EPOCH MAJOR EVENTS IN EARTH’S HISTORY Cainozoic 0-65 Ma Mesozoic 65-141 Ma Palaeozoic 542-251 Ma Quaternary 0-1.8 Ma Tertiary 1.8-65 Ma Cretaceous 65-141 Ma Jurassic 141-205 Ma Triassic 205-251 Ma Permian 251-298 Ma Carboniferous 298-352 Ma Devonian 352-410 Ma Silurian 410-434 Ma Ordovician 434-490 Ma Holocene Extinction of most Australian megafauna by ~25,000 years ago. Humans arrive in Australia by 40,000 years ago Pleistocene Neogene Pliocene First upright walking hominids ~4 Ma Miocene Diversifi cation of mammals and birds Paleogene Oligocene Eocene Australia completes separation from Antarctica Paleocene Late Mass extinction of 75% life at 65 Ma Australia separates from New Zealand at ~80 Ma Early Eastern Highlands uplifted ~90 Ma Otway and Gippsland basins formed across the southern margin rift between Australia and Antarctica Late Break-up of Gondwana commenced initial separation of Australia and Antarctica commences at ~140 Ma Middle Early First appearance of birds Late Middle First appearance of dinosaurs Early Late Mass extinction of >80% of all life forms at the end of this era Early Australia as part of Gondwana is near the south pole Late First insects develop ~300 Ma Early Late Middle First land animals ~400 Ma Early Late First land plants Early Cambrian 490-542 Ma First abundant life on Earth Proterozoic 542-2500 Ma Archaean 2500-4560 Ma Hadean >4560 Ma Ediacaran 542-600 Ma Oldest known multi-cellular organisms ~600 Ma Oldest life known at about 3,500 Ma Origin of the earth 21
Page 1 and 2: Metropolitan Melbourne Investigatio
Page 3 and 4: Metropolitan Melbourne Investigatio
Page 5 and 6: Council members (left to right): G
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Foreword 1 The structure o
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY picture of the us
Page 11 and 12: PART A INTRODUCTION This part provi
Page 13 and 14: Metropolitan Melbourne’s populati
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Scope of the investigation This
Page 17 and 18: sporting facilities and parks, gard
Page 19 and 20: 1.7 Policy context 1.7.1 INTERNATIO
Page 21: A signifi cant, staged increase in
Page 26 and 27: 22 Figure 2.1 Geology of the invest
Page 28 and 29: Beaumaris and Sandringham. This are
Page 30 and 31: 26 Figure 2.2 Geomorphological unit
Page 32 and 33: had a signifi cant impact on many b
Page 34 and 35: Water quality Water quality is natu
Page 36 and 37: 2.3 Biodiversity Biodiversity refer
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.3 ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASSES
Page 40 and 41: 36 Figure 2.6 Existing native veget
Page 42 and 43: 38 Figure 2.8 Vegetation quality wi
Page 44 and 45: A total of 495 native vertebrate fa
Page 46 and 47: Box 2.3 Eltham copper butterfly The
Page 48 and 49: The investigation area contains abo
Page 50 and 51: Globally, warming is accelerating.
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.11 Average annual inflows
Page 54 and 55: 3 METROPOLITAN MELBOURNE - THE PEOP
Page 56 and 57: Box 3.1 Woodlands Historic Park Woo
Page 58 and 59: Figure 3.2 ‘Batman’s Treaty wit
Page 60 and 61: 3.3.2 THE GROWTH AND URBANISATION O
Page 62 and 63: 3.3.3 MELBOURNE’S PLANNING HISTOR
Page 64 and 65: 3.4 The people of metropolitan Melb
Page 66 and 67: 3.4.2 MELBOURNE’S FUTURE POPULATI
Page 68 and 69: 4 PUBLIC LAND The Victorian Environ
Page 70 and 71: G Other government departments own
Page 72 and 73: 4.4 Public land use categories An e
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National and state parks Victoria
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Other natural features reserves suc
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Table 4.5 Regional parks in the inv
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and tensions between user groups ar
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and utilities areas than elsewhere
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Table 4.6 Reference areas NAME AREA
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A summary of popular sport and recr
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Recycled water Melburnians use abou
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4.7.5 COMMERCIAL RESOURCE USES Acro
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PART D THE CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC L
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5.3 The contribution of public land
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LIVEABILITY GOAL: Dynamic resilient
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5.4 Opportunities for enhancing the
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Table 6.1 Open space categories CAT
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6.3 A history of Melbourne’s publ
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6.4 Open space strategies for metro
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Figure 6.2 Urban growth boundary an
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Trails are an important component o
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Public open space per capita Public
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Figure 6.7 Public open space per ca
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6.9 Providing new open space Box 6.
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COMMENTS INVITED The open space con
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Parklands and gardens The City of M
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Coastal impacts Sea-level rise in f
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8 ENHANCING BIODIVERSITY IN METROPO
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Climate change may also affect ecos
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Box 8.3 The National Reserve System
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Victoria’s Native Vegetation Mana
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Box 9.1 A short history of public l
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9.3 Scope of surplus public land Pu
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9.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURPLUS PU
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Box 9.3 Summary of Crown land asses
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government purchasers with suffi ci
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Biodiversity conservation Chapter 8
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10 DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS Public lan
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Regional park Regional parks are se
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Water production areas Water produc
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10.2 Recommendations to enhance the
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Figure 10.1 Proposed additions to K
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Figure 10.2 Proposed additions to B
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Figure 10.3 Proposed Point Cook Coa
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Figure 10.4 Proposed Bandicoot Corn
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Figure 10.5 Ryans Swamp and surroun
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Figure 10.6 Edithvale Wetland Legen
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABS BP C
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REFERENCES 1 Department of Infrastr
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80 Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Sch
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177 Parliament of Victoria (2008) S
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APPENDIX 1 COMMUNITY REFERENCE GROU
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APPENDIX 3 HISTORIC PLACES IN METRO
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Kings Domain Resting Place, Melbour
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE Brimbank H0
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE H0932 Retai
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE H1051 Forme
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE H0718 North
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PROTECTED AREA MUNICIPALITY AREA (H
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PROTECTED AREA MUNICIPALITY AREA (H
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Proportion of public open space in
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Public open space ownership within
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Public open space per capita (2006,
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Public consultation Land is general
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