performance and roles, 48–49 planting, 51, 88-90, 94 Clover, crimson, 100–104 advantages and disadvantages, 52–53, 100–101 comparative notes, 104, 122, 158 in crop rotations, 13, 35, 89, 109–111 cultural traits, 50 grazing, 88 management, 101–104 mixtures, 112, 113, 118, 135 performance and roles, 48–49 for pest management, 26–27, 30 planting, 51, 101-104 residue, 91 Clover, red, 127–131 advantages and disadvantages, 52–53, 127–128 comparative notes, 131 for corn>soybean systems, 34, 36, 73 cultural traits, 50 fertilizer cost reduction, 9–10 management, 129–131 performance and roles, 48–49 planting, 51, 129, 131 wheat nurse crop, 74 Clover, rose, 135 Clover, subterranean, 132–138 advantages and disadvantages, 52–53, 132, 133–134 comparative notes, 138 cultural traits, 50 management, 134–138 performance and roles, 48–49 for pest management, 31 planting, 51, 132-135, 138 types and cultivars, 132–133 Clover, white, 147–151 advantages and disadvantages, 52–53, 147–148 comparative notes, 151 cultural traits, 50 management, 148–150 for orchards, 14 performance and roles, 13, 48–49 planting, 51, 148-149 types, 147 for vegetable production, 37 Companion crops. See also Nurse crops annual ryegrass, 55–56 berseem clover, 88, 91, 92–94 cowpeas, 96 crimson clover, 101 oats, 63 rye,67 sweetclover, 142 white clover, 148 Conservation strips. See Strip cropping Corn Belt. See Midwest Corn cropping systems berseem clovers, 89, 92–93 crimson clover, 89, 102 fertilizer cost reduction, 9–10 field peas, 111 hairy vetch, 112–113, 115–116 medic, 123–124 planting time, 35 red clover, 128, 129, 130, 131 rotations, 34–36, 37–38, 41 selecting cover crop, 14 sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, 80 subterranean clover, 133, 137–138 sweetclovers, 145 wheat, 72 white clover, 148, 150 woollypod vetch, 152 Costs comparison of species, 44, 49 conventional vs. cover crop systems, 27 corn crop systems, 130 fertilizer cost reduction, 9–10 field pea seeds, 106 inoculant, 92 lupins, 160 medics, 124 oat crops, 62 pesticides, 10, 27, 114 red clover, 127–128, 131 seed, 45, 51, 156 sunn hemp, 161 sweetclovers, 140 white clover, 149 Cotton crop systems cowpeas, 96 crop rotations, 39–40 field peas, 111 hairy vetch, 117–118 pest management, 26–27, 28, 29 wheat, 74 <strong>Cover</strong> crops. See also specific crops advantages and disadvantages for specific crops, 45–46, 52–53 benefits, 9–11 crop rotations, 34–42 cultural traits, 44–45, 50 performance and roles, 43–44, 48–49 for pest management, 25–33 planting recommendations, 45, 51 promising species, 158–162 regional species, 43, 47 selection criteria, 12–15 for soil fertility and tilth development, 16–24 testing on your farm, 156–158 Cowpeas, 95–99 advantages and disadvantages, 52–53, 95–96 comparative notes, 99 crop rotations, 72, 98–99 cultural traits, 50 management, 96–98 mixtures, 82 202 MANAGING COVER CROPS PROFITABLY
performance and roles, 48–49 planting and seeds, 51, 96-97, 99 for vegetable production, 38 Crop residue. See Residue Crop rotations. See also Crop systems berseem clover in, 92–94 buckwheat in, 79 corn-soybean systems, 34–36, 72–73 for cotton production, 26–27, 39–40 cowpeas in, 98–99 crimson clover in, 102–103 dryland cereal-legume systems, 40–42 fertilizer application, 10 field peas in, 106, 108–109 foxtail millet in, 160 hairy vetch in, 112–113 legumes in, 85 medics in, 121, 123–124 pesticide and herbicide reduction, 10 planning, 12–15, 34 red clover in, 128, 130 rye in, 66 sorghum-sudangrass hybrids in, 83–84 sunn hemp in, 161 for vegetable production, 36–39 winter wheat in, 72–73 Crop systems. See also Crop rotations berseem clover, 92–94 cowpeas, 98–99 field peas, 108–111 hairy vetch, 117–118 incorporating cover crops, 13 sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, 83–84 subterranean clovers, 137–138 sweetclovers, 145–146 white clover, 149–150 Crotalaria juncea. See Sunn hemp Crowder peas. See Cowpeas Cultivation comparison of, 46, 52–53 cowpeas, 98 in disease management, 29–30 field peas, 108 hairy vetch, 116 red clover, 129–130 D Dairy farming, 14 Damping off, 30 Data collection for trials, 157 Decomposition carbon to nitrogen ratio, 22–23 crimson clover, 103–104 of grasses, 54 microorganisms in, 17–18, 19 Denitrification, 24 Disease management and sources annual ryegrass, 57 balansa clover, 158 barley, 60, 61 berseem clover, 91 black oats, 159 in corn-soybean system, 36 cover crop benefits, 10, 27, 29–32 cowpeas, 96, 97–98 crimson clover, 103, 104 field peas, 108 hairy vetch, 117 lupins, 161 medics, 125 oats, 64 red clover, 130–131 rye, 57–71 sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, 81–83, 85 species comparison, 45–46, 52–53 subterranean clovers, 136 sunn hemp, 161 sweetclover, 145 vegetable production, 37 wheat, 76 white clover, 149, 150 woollypod vetch, 154 Disking. See Tillage Drought. See also Soil moisture berseem clover, 90 hairy vetch, 114 sweetclovers, 140–14 Dryland production cereal-legume crop rotations, 40–42 cover crops, 11 field peas, 106, 107, 108–109 medics, 120, 125 sweetclovers, 139–146, 144, 146 Dry matter. See Residue Dutch white clover. See Clover, white E Economics. See Costs Egyptian clover. See Clover, berseem Eragrostis tef. See Teff Erosion prevention annual ryegrass, 55 barley, 58 cover crops, 10–11, 16 medics, 121 mixtures, 86–87 performance and roles of species, 44, 48 regional species comparison, 47 rye,66 white clover, 149 winter wheat, 72 Establishment. See Seeding/seeds, specific cover crops Estrogen, 136 INDEX 203
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$19.00 Managing Cover Crops Profita
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE NETWORK THE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book represent
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FOREWORD Cover crops slow erosion,
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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Think of this
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BENEFITS OF COVER CROPS Cover crops
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decompose quickly, especially in wa
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Expect excessive field traffic arou
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5. Settle for the Best Available Co
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ORGANIC MATTER ADDITIONS The benefi
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Cover Crops Can Stabilize Your Soil
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generally a good idea to kill a leg
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• For perennial legumes that have
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MANAGING PESTS WITH COVER CROPS By
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The farmers get weed control by fla
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insects. This approach has been use
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• Subterranean Clover (Trifolium
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does no direct tillage, but aggress
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eplace the cover crop before beans,
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as buckwheat, cowpeas, sorghum-suda
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the couple harrows every two to thr
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Start Where You Are In many instanc
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INTRODUCTION TO CHARTS The four com
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pH Preferred. The pH range in which
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Chart 1 TOP REGIONAL COVER CROP SPE
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Chart 2 PERFORMANCE AND ROLES conti
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Chart 3B PLANTING Cost Cost/A Inoc.
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Chart 4B POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGES Sp
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ANNUAL RYEGRASS Lolium multiflorum
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prolonged heat, cold or drought.Tha
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crop for establishing a forage or l
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arley plants from fungus, armyworm
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can increase the fertilizer replace
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cultural and local considerations t
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(339), and by 99 percent in a Calif
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Killing & Controlling Nutrient avai
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ye/vetch/crimson clover,for example
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• In the Corn Belt and northern U
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Wheat Offers High-Value Weed Contro
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BUCKWHEAT Fagopyrum esculentum Type
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Rotations Buckwheat is used most co
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plants fractured subsoil compaction
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press some species of nematodes. Sp
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Incorporated sorghum-sudangrass res
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lodge soil particles. Sunlight is u
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Crimson-Berseem Clover Combo Works
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in water-use efficiency in the tria
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Microorganisms mineralize, or conve
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COWPEAS Vigna unguiculata Also call
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control if you go with rows, using
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drought-tolerant sorghum-sudangrass
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several winter annual legumes that
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In Ohio, crimson clover mixed with
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FIELD PEAS Pisum sativum subsp. arv
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Chill tolerant. Austrian winter pea
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In a “Flexible Green Manure” cr
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values from 13 to 34,but were gener
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year Maryland study that also inclu
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possible, but remember that hairy v
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especially in winter grains. With w
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less biomass than overwintering sta
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Jess Counts on GEORGE for N and Org
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after mid-April planting in souther
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second cutting. Regrowth comes from
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RED CLOVER Trifolium pratense Also
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MANAGEMENT Establishment & Fieldwor
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it function more like a biennial th
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Subclover cultivars often are descr
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trample in the seed. Subclover ofte
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Crop Systems Interseeded with wheat
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SWEETCLOVERS Yellow sweetclover (Me
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difficult to establish annual cover
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Spring seeding provides yellow swee
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enhances soil fertility, texture an
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WHITE CLOVER Trifolium repens Also
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for several freeze-thaw cycles. Mak
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- Page 165 and 166: Dyer, David A. 1998. Conservation L
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- Page 173 and 174: SARE Northeast Region Office Univer
- Page 175 and 176: APPENDIX F REGIONAL EXPERTS These i
- Page 177 and 178: David W. Wolfe Cornell University 1
- Page 179 and 180: Bob Burdette Southern Seed Certific
- Page 181 and 182: Shiou Kuo Washington State Universi
- Page 183 and 184: 20 Bird, George. 1997. Personal com
- Page 185 and 186: 59 Clark,A.J. 1993. Managing hairy
- Page 187 and 188: 102 Fernholz, Carmen. 1997. Persona
- Page 189 and 190: 141 Helm, J.L. and Dwain Meyer. 199
- Page 191 and 192: 186 Koume, C.N. et al. 1988. Screen
- Page 193 and 194: 226 Mohler, Charles L. 1994.A livin
- Page 195 and 196: 267 Plumer, Mike. 1997. Personal co
- Page 197 and 198: 309 Shrestha,A. et al. 1996.“Annu
- Page 199 and 200: 352 Varco, J.J., J.O. Sanford and J
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