Managing Cover Crops Profitably - Valley Crops Home

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Chart 3A CULTURAL TRAITS heat drought shade flood low fert Hardy Tolerances Min. through pH Best Germin. Species Aliases Type 1 Zone 2 Habit 3 (Pref.) Established 4 Temp. Annual ryegrass p. 55 Italian ryegrass WA 6 U 6.0–7.0 Esp, LSu, EF, F N O N L E G U M E S Barley p. 58 WA 7 U 6.0–8.5 F,W, Sp Oats p. 62 spring oats CSA 8 U 4.5–6.5 LSu, ESP W in 8+ Rye p. 65 winter, cereal, CSA 3 U 5.0–7.0 LSu-F 34F or grain rye Wheat p. 72 WA 4 U 6.0–7.5 LSu, F Buckwheat p. 77 SA NFT U to 5.0–7.0 Sp to LSu 50F SU Sorghum–sudan. p. 80 Sudax SA NFT U 6.0–7.0 LSp, ES 65F Berseem clover p. 87 BIGBEE, SA,WA 7 U to 6.2–7.0 ESp, EF 42F multicut SU Cowpeas p. 95 crowder peas, SAL NFT SU/C 5.5–6.5 ESu 58F southern peas L E G U M E S Crimson clover p. 100 WA, SA 7 U/SU 5.5–7.0 LSu/ESu Field peas p. 105 winter peas, WA 7 C 6.0–7.0 F, ESp 41F black peas Hairy vetch p. 112 winter vetch WA/CSA 4 C 5.5–7.5 EF, ESp 60F Medics p. 119 SP/SA 4/ 7 P/Su 6.0–7.0 EF, ESp, ES 45F Red clover p. 127 SP, B 4 U 6.2–7.0 LSu; ESp 41F Subterranean cl. p. 132 subclover CSA 7 P/SP 5.5–7.0 LSu, EF 38F Sweetclovers p. 139 B/SA 4 U 6.5–7.5 Sp/S 42F White clover p. 147 white dutch LP/WA 4 P/SU 6.0–7.0 LW, E to 40F ladino LSp, EF Woollypod vetch p. 151 Lana CSA 7 SP, C 6.0–8.0 F 1 B=Biennial; CSA=Cool season annual; LP=Long-lived perennial; SA=Summer annual; SP=Short-lived perennial;WA=Winter annual 2 See USDA Hardiness Zone Map, inside front cover. NFT=Not frost tolerant. 3 C=Climbing; U=Upright; P=Prostrate; SP=Semi-prostrate; SU=Semi-upright. 4 E=Early; M=Mid; L=Late; F=Fall; Sp=Spring; Su=Summer;W=Winter =Poor; =Fair; =Good; =Very Good; =Excellent 50 MANAGING COVER CROPS PROFITABLY
Chart 3B PLANTING Cost Cost/A Inoc. Species Depth Seeding Rate ($/lb.) 1 (median) 2 Type Reseeds 3 Drilled Broadcast lb./A bu/A lb./A bu/A oz./100 ft 2 drilled broadcast Annual ryegrass 0– 1 /2 5–10 .2–.4 15–30 .6–1.25 1 .50 3.75 11.25 R N O N L E G U M E S Barley 3 /4–2 50–100 1–2 80–125 1.6–2.5 3-5 .05–.20 9.38 12.81 S Oats 1 /2–2 80–110 2.5–3.5 110–140 3.5–4.5 4–6 .10–.20 14.25 18.75 R Rye 3 /4–2 60–120 1-2 90–160 1.5–3.0 4–6 .05–.20 6.75 9.38 R Wheat 1 /2–1 1 /2 60–120 1–2 60–150 1–2.5 3–6 .05–.25 13.50 15.75 S Buckwheat 1 /2–1.5 48–70 1–1.4 60–96 1.2–1.5 3–4 .28–.70 29– 38– R Sorghum-sudangrass 1 /2-1.5 35 1 40–50 1–1.25 2 .21–.66 15.05 19.35 S Berseem clover 1 /4– 1 /2 8–12 15–20 2 1.50 15.00 27.00 crimson, N berseem Cowpeas 1–1 1 /2 30–90 70–120 5 .50 30 47.50 cowpeas, S lespedeza Crimson clover 1 /4– 1 /2 15-20 22–30 2–3 1.50 26 39 crimson, R berseem L E G U M E S Field peas 1 1 /2–3 50–80 90–100 4 .25 16.25 26.25 pea, vetch S Hairy vetch 1 /2-1 1 /2 15–20 25–40 2 1.25 22 41 pea, vetch S Medics 1 /4– 1 /2 8–22 12–26 2/3 1.50 22.50 28.50 annual R medics Red clover 1 /4– 1 /2 8–10 10–12 3 1.85 16.65 20.35 red cl, S wht cl Subterranean clover 1 /4– 1 /2 10–20 20–30 3 2.50 37.50 62.50 clovers, R sub, rose Sweetclovers 1 /4–1.0 6–10 10–20 1.5 .70 5.60 10.50 alfalfa, R swt cl White clover 1 /4– 1 /2 3–9 5–14 1.5 3.10 18.60 29.50 red cl, R wht cl Woollypod vetch 1 /2–1 10–30 30–60 2-3 1.05 21 47.25 pea, vetch R,S 1 Per pound in 50-lb. bags as of summer/fall 1997; legumes especially subject to price changes due to supply variability.To locate places to buy seed, see Seed Suppliers (p. 166). 2 Mid-point price at mid-point rate, seed cost only. 3 R=Reliably; U=Usually; S=Sometimes; N=Never (reseeds). CHARTS 51
Page 1 and 2: $19.00 Managing Cover Crops Profita
Page 3 and 4: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE NETWORK THE
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book represent
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Cover crops slow erosion,
Page 9 and 10: HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Think of this
Page 11 and 12: BENEFITS OF COVER CROPS Cover crops
Page 13 and 14: decompose quickly, especially in wa
Page 15 and 16: Expect excessive field traffic arou
Page 17 and 18: 5. Settle for the Best Available Co
Page 19 and 20: ORGANIC MATTER ADDITIONS The benefi
Page 21 and 22: Cover Crops Can Stabilize Your Soil
Page 23 and 24: generally a good idea to kill a leg
Page 25 and 26: • For perennial legumes that have
Page 27 and 28: MANAGING PESTS WITH COVER CROPS By
Page 29 and 30: The farmers get weed control by fla
Page 31 and 32: insects. This approach has been use
Page 33 and 34: • Subterranean Clover (Trifolium
Page 35 and 36: does no direct tillage, but aggress
Page 37 and 38: eplace the cover crop before beans,
Page 39 and 40: as buckwheat, cowpeas, sorghum-suda
Page 41 and 42: the couple harrows every two to thr
Page 43 and 44: Start Where You Are In many instanc
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCTION TO CHARTS The four com
Page 47 and 48: pH Preferred. The pH range in which
Page 49 and 50: Chart 1 TOP REGIONAL COVER CROP SPE
Page 51: Chart 2 PERFORMANCE AND ROLES conti
Page 55 and 56: Chart 4B POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGES Sp
Page 57 and 58: ANNUAL RYEGRASS Lolium multiflorum
Page 59 and 60: prolonged heat, cold or drought.Tha
Page 61 and 62: crop for establishing a forage or l
Page 63 and 64: arley plants from fungus, armyworm
Page 65 and 66: can increase the fertilizer replace
Page 67 and 68: cultural and local considerations t
Page 69 and 70: (339), and by 99 percent in a Calif
Page 71 and 72: Killing & Controlling Nutrient avai
Page 73 and 74: ye/vetch/crimson clover,for example
Page 75 and 76: • In the Corn Belt and northern U
Page 77 and 78: Wheat Offers High-Value Weed Contro
Page 79 and 80: BUCKWHEAT Fagopyrum esculentum Type
Page 81 and 82: Rotations Buckwheat is used most co
Page 83 and 84: plants fractured subsoil compaction
Page 85 and 86: press some species of nematodes. Sp
Page 87 and 88: Incorporated sorghum-sudangrass res
Page 89 and 90: lodge soil particles. Sunlight is u
Page 91 and 92: Crimson-Berseem Clover Combo Works
Page 93 and 94: in water-use efficiency in the tria
Page 95 and 96: Microorganisms mineralize, or conve
Page 97 and 98: COWPEAS Vigna unguiculata Also call
Page 99 and 100: control if you go with rows, using
Page 101 and 102: drought-tolerant sorghum-sudangrass
Page 103 and 104:
several winter annual legumes that
Page 105 and 106:
In Ohio, crimson clover mixed with
Page 107 and 108:
FIELD PEAS Pisum sativum subsp. arv
Page 109 and 110:
Chill tolerant. Austrian winter pea
Page 111 and 112:
In a “Flexible Green Manure” cr
Page 113 and 114:
values from 13 to 34,but were gener
Page 115 and 116:
year Maryland study that also inclu
Page 117 and 118:
possible, but remember that hairy v
Page 119 and 120:
especially in winter grains. With w
Page 121 and 122:
less biomass than overwintering sta
Page 123 and 124:
Jess Counts on GEORGE for N and Org
Page 125 and 126:
after mid-April planting in souther
Page 127 and 128:
second cutting. Regrowth comes from
Page 129 and 130:
RED CLOVER Trifolium pratense Also
Page 131 and 132:
MANAGEMENT Establishment & Fieldwor
Page 133 and 134:
it function more like a biennial th
Page 135 and 136:
Subclover cultivars often are descr
Page 137 and 138:
trample in the seed. Subclover ofte
Page 139 and 140:
Crop Systems Interseeded with wheat
Page 141 and 142:
SWEETCLOVERS Yellow sweetclover (Me
Page 143 and 144:
difficult to establish annual cover
Page 145 and 146:
Spring seeding provides yellow swee
Page 147 and 148:
enhances soil fertility, texture an
Page 149 and 150:
WHITE CLOVER Trifolium repens Also
Page 151 and 152:
for several freeze-thaw cycles. Mak
Page 153 and 154:
COMPARATIVE NOTES • White clover
Page 155 and 156:
Fall planting. Most growers seed at
Page 157 and 158:
combining with a belt-type rubber p
Page 159 and 160:
Then seed the remainder while walki
Page 161 and 162:
screening, a number of farmers have
Page 163 and 164:
the seed is relatively expensive. B
Page 165 and 166:
Dyer, David A. 1998. Conservation L
Page 167 and 168:
OTHER RESOURCES Cover Crops On The
Page 169 and 170:
Cal/West Seeds Box 1428 Woodland, C
Page 171 and 172:
Pick Seed Canada P.O. Box 304 1 Gre
Page 173 and 174:
SARE Northeast Region Office Univer
Page 175 and 176:
APPENDIX F REGIONAL EXPERTS These i
Page 177 and 178:
David W. Wolfe Cornell University 1
Page 179 and 180:
Bob Burdette Southern Seed Certific
Page 181 and 182:
Shiou Kuo Washington State Universi
Page 183 and 184:
20 Bird, George. 1997. Personal com
Page 185 and 186:
59 Clark,A.J. 1993. Managing hairy
Page 187 and 188:
102 Fernholz, Carmen. 1997. Persona
Page 189 and 190:
141 Helm, J.L. and Dwain Meyer. 199
Page 191 and 192:
186 Koume, C.N. et al. 1988. Screen
Page 193 and 194:
226 Mohler, Charles L. 1994.A livin
Page 195 and 196:
267 Plumer, Mike. 1997. Personal co
Page 197 and 198:
309 Shrestha,A. et al. 1996.“Annu
Page 199 and 200:
352 Varco, J.J., J.O. Sanford and J
Page 201 and 202:
Bulk Discounts: Except as indicated
Page 203 and 204:
INDEX A Alfalfa, 10, 42, 84, 88, 94
Page 205 and 206:
performance and roles, 48-49 planti
Page 207 and 208:
sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, 85 subt
Page 209 and 210:
subterranean clovers, 133, 137 swee
Page 211 and 212:
comparative notes, 71 crop systems,
Page 213 and 214:
crimson clover for, 102, 103 crop r
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