A natron source at Pikrolimni Lake in Greece? Geochemical evidence

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142 E. Dotsika et al. / Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103 (2009) 133–143 Table 3 Thermodynamic calculation model: sequence of minerals precipitation. Lake Pikrolimni 8/2002 Lake Pikrolimni 9/2006 Lake Magadi, Kenya a Lake Natron, Tanzania a The Deep Springs Lake, California a Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Dolomite [Ca(Mg)CO 3 )] Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Dolomite [Ca(Mg)CO 3 )] Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Calcite–Mg [Ca(Mg)CO 3 ] Dolomite (MgCO 3 ) Gaylussite [Na 2 Ca⁎ (CO 3 ) 2 ⁎5H 2 O] Gaylussite [Na 2 Ca⁎ (CO 3 ) 2 ⁎5H 2 O] Gaylussite [Na 2 Ca⁎ (CO 3 ) 2 ⁎5H 2 O] Pirssonite [Na 2 Ca⁎ (CO 3 ) 2 ⁎2H 2 O] Pirssonite [Na 2 Ca⁎ (CO 3 ) 2 ⁎2H 2 O] Pirssonite [Na 2 Ca⁎ (CO 3 ) 2 ⁎2H 2 O] Nahcolite (NaHCO 3 ) Nacholite (NaHCO 3 ) Nahcolite (NaHCO 3 ) Nahcolite (NaHCO 3 ) Nahcolite (NaHCO 3 ) Natron (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎10H 2 O) Natron (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎10H 2 O) Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎NaHCO 3 ⁎2H 2 O Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎NaHCO 3 ⁎2H 2 O Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎NaHCO 3 ⁎2H 2 O) Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎NaHCO 3 ⁎2H 2 O Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎NaHCO 3 ⁎2H 2 O Thermonatrite (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎H 2 O) Thermonatrite (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎H 2 O) Gypsum (CaSO 4 ⁎2H 2 O) Glauberite [Na 2 Ca(SO 4 )] Burkeite (Na 2 CO 3 ⁎2Na 2 SO 4 ) Mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 ⁎10H 2 O) Mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 ⁎10H 2 O) Thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) Thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 )) Thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) Halite (NaCl) Halite (NaCl) Halite (NaCl) Halite (NaCl) Halite (NaCl) a Gueddari M. (1984). Table 4 Simulation of evaporation of groundwater. Label S/1_/2002 b/2/2002 b/3/2002 b/4/2002 b/A/2002 wt/B/2002 b/G/2003 b/G/2004 b/P1/7/2004 b/G/7/2004 b/B/8/2004 b/SPA wt/SPA MWP-1 MWPh-1 Pl-5/2003 Minerals BURKEITE_CALCITE_GAYLUSSITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_MIRABILITE_NATRON_PIRSSONITE_TRONA CALCITE_GAYLUSSITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_PIRSSONITE_THENARDITE_TRONA CALCITE_GAYLUSSITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_MIRABILITE_NAHCOLITE_PIRSSONITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_SYLVITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_GLAUBERITE_GYPSUM_HALITE_MAGNESITE_MIRABILITE_SYNGENITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE CALCITE_GLASERITE_HALITE_MAGNESITE_NAHCOLITE_THENARDITE HALITE_PIRSSONITE_THENARDITE_TRONA In each line, the list of minerals corresponds to the whole sequence of precipitated minerals during concentrative evaporation. the way of increasing the solute load of the groundwater. Precipitation and re-solution inevitably lead to strong segregation of the initial solutes. Therefore, sorption ion exchange and reduction reaction on mineral surface may also remove certain solute. 8. Conclusions Lake Pikrolimni is a saline lake that is characterized by alkaline brine, poor in Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . The dilute HCO 3 − spring fresh water (350 g/L dissolved solid). Such brines show a considerable range in ionic composition and concentration. High solute concentration due to solar evaporation of water, mineral precipitation, fractional dissolution and solute recycling are the main processes responsible for these brines formation. In particular, these evaporating conditions were such that incurred a hydrogeochemical environment that was responsible for the lake to provide, in dry periods, “nitrum chalestricum” (trona). Besides, the progressive concentration of brines in alkaline lakes leads to a preferential precipitation of sodium carbonate followed by sulfates and chlorides. This conclusion comes in agreement with the results. Also, the mineralogical analysis (X-Ray Diffraction of salts), the evaporation simulation and the thermodynamic model showed that salts of trona, burkeite and halite, deposit from these brines. So, the conditions that are responsible for the formation of soda seem to be present in the basin and confirm Pliny's description. Fig. 6. Minerals molarity versus concentration factor.
E. Dotsika et al. / Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103 (2009) 133–143 143 Table 5 Chemical composition (mmol/L) of the residual water, after evaporation, when the models stop. Label CF alk Cl SO 4 Na K Ca Mg TDS S/1/2002 12,300 1913 4300 610 6590 845 0 0.02 455,699 b/2/2002 6850 1057 4510 780 6320 820 0 0.02 448,892 PL-5/2003 2700 182 4830 840 5870 830 0.2 0.45 431,224 S/1/2002 chemical composition of residual water when natron starts to precipitate 395 3143 1417 459 5448 30 0.004 0.03 318,000 S/1/2002 chemical composition of residual water when trona starts to precipitate 720 3246 2500 790 7273 53 0.001 0.02 434,000 Testimonia Testimonium 1. Plato, 5th century BC, Republic 430a (ed. I. Burnet, 1963). Testimonium 2. Scolia in Platonem, 159 (ed. Ruhnken). Testimonium 3. Etymologicum Magnum, Halastri. Testimonium 4. Stephanus Byzantius, Halastra. Testimonium 5. Pliny, Naturalis Historiae 31, 46 (ed. W.H.S. Jones, Loeb 1963). Chapter on soda, esp. 106–109. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to Mr. Aggelakis for his help during sampling sessions as well as to Dr. Risacher F. and Dr. Fritz B. for their contribution of the geochemical program EQL/ EVP. Finally, special thanks go to the two unknown reviewers for their really contributory remarks and suggestions of the manuscript and to the editor of this journal for his helpful guidance. References Anatoliki, A.E., 2006. Public Participation in Water Resources' Management at a Greek River Basin. Project Water Agenda, LIFE04/ENV/GR/000099. Apha, 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th end. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Coulson, W.D.E., Leonard Jr., A., 1979. A preliminary study of the Naukratis region in the western Nile Delta. Journal of Field Archaeology 6.2, 151–168. Dalezios, N., Loukas, A., Bampzelis, D., 2002. 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