Vattenfall aB GeneRatIOn nORDIC CeRtIfIeD enVIROnmental ...

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3 Environmental performance BASEd on LCA 3.3.3.6 Emissions of eutrophying substances Oxygen consuming and nutrifying substances (cause of eutrophication) are primarily formed in conjunction with inundation, as the carbon released from the inundated soils react with the oxygen in the water. Inundation also leads to the release of nutrients. Phosphorous and nitrogen are nutrients that influence the production of plant life both on land and in water. In freshwater, phosphorous is the substance that limits production, while nitrogen is the limiting substance in the sea. Regulation causes an increase in the sedimentation of phosphorous, thus making it inaccessible to the flora and fauna. Retention exceeds release, i.e. regulated rivers contain less phosphor than natural rivers, and this negative emission of phosphor has been included in the calculations. Other contributions come from NO X emissions related to manufacturing of materials and to transportation. COD (organic matter from inundated land) 100 % Phosphorous emissions minus phosphorous retention -2 % NO x emissions 2 % 0,06 Emissions of eutrophying substances, total of 0,051 g PO 4 3- -eq./kWh (Core process 0,0000080 g PO 4 3- -eq./kWh) 0,05 g PO 4 3- -eq./kWh 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 Upstream process Core process Core process – infrastructure Downstream process Downstream process – infrastructure Downstream – distribution losses The green portion of the Core process - infrastructure illustrates the emissions due to inundation of land. 3.3.3.7 Emissions contributing to given emission categories (chapters 3.3.5.2–3.3.5.6) The 22 parameters given under this heading in the Ecoprofile constitute 99–100 % of the emissions contributing to the reported emission categories: greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances, acidifying substances, substances contributing to the formation of ground level ozone, and eutrophying substances. 3.3.5.8 Emissions of toxic and other substances to air, water, and ground Arsenic, lead, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and oil to water and ground, are toxic substances which are reported as inventory results in the Ecoprofile, as are emissions of particulate matter and radioactive isotopes required by PCR-CPC17. These emissions are relatively speaking, limited and occur above all in conjunction with mining and processing of metals, production of cement, incineration, and electricity generation. App. 9 % of the emissions of oil to water emanate from the hydropower stations whereas the main part occurs during oil extraction and fuel production. The hydropower stations cause 4 % of oil spills to ground and oil extraction causes the remainder. © <strong>Vattenfall</strong> AB Generation Nordic 2008 19
3 Environmental performance BASEd on LCA Minor, long-term leakages of oil from turbines are difficult to detect. These emissions are very small in relation to the amount of electricity generated, at most 0,1 μl/kWh. Seitevare, has one of the lowest discharges (58 m 3 /s) of the selected stations and an assumed oil seepage of 100 litres during a month results in a mean amount of oil in the water of 0,00000007 %. The emissions applied in the calculations are estimated by the operating staff based on experiences of machinery/equipment in 2007. Additional emissions occur from salt impregnated power poles (no new salt impregnated poles are set up today) and cables that cause small emissions of heavy metals. As an example salt impregnated poles emit arsenic, and galvanised steel emits zinc and cadmium. Older cables can emit some lead. Such emissions are, however, quite local, within 0,2 metres of source. Emissions of particulate matter emanate mainly from production of metals (mining) and digging (as during construction of distribution systems) but also from combustion of fuels. Half of the dust particles have a size of >10 μ, 29 % are medium sized, and 11 % are fine particles
Page 1 and 2: Vattenfall AB GENERATION NORDIC Cer
Page 3 and 4: SUmmary Distribution of electricity
Page 5 and 6: Content 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Declar
Page 7 and 8: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.3 Vattenfall, LCA,
Page 9 and 10: 2 PRODUCER AND PRODUCT Vattenfall h
Page 11 and 12: 2 PRODUCER AND PRODUCT 2.4 Electric
Page 13 and 14: 3 Environmental performance based o
Page 15 and 16: 3 Environmental performance BASEd o
Page 30 and 31: 4 Additional environmental informat
Page 48 and 49: 5 Information from the CERTIFICATIO

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