'Thin films & coatings' Roadmap - Nano Mahidol

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Optical properties These include a.o. light emission, trapping, transmission, opaqueness, fluorescence, waveguides, anti reflection, etc. Some thin films have the ability to emit light without the need for a backlight; these are applied in displays. Thin films can be designed to be transparent or opaque (or both depending on the applied voltage or incident light) and applied, a.o. in windows, displays or solar cells. In some cases multi-layered thin films are required for achieving the desired properties (e.g. OLEDs use small molecules in multi-layers for up to full colour displays). Thin films of high refractive materials could be designed to be planar waveguides for photonics’ applications. Dielectric thin films could also be used to generate surface plasmons resonance that’s exploitable in optical modulators or chemical sensors. Nanotechnology enables a precise knowledge on the exact thickness required for desired optical and/or electrical properties. The interface between the thin film/layer and the substrate is crucial for understanding the optical (but also) electrical behaviour at ever decreasing thicknesses and for optimising the layer thickness. Mechanical properties These include a.o. wear/ abrasion resistance, hardness, scratch resistance, dry lubrication, reduced Strain-to-failure, etc. Surface heterogeneities of either chemical or morphological origin drastically affect interface phenomena (wetting-adhesionfriction). Nanotechnology enables the design and production of thin films with the required thickness and topography. Electrical (conductivity, insulation, etc.) and magnetic properties: Highly dependent on the chemical composition, some thin films’ high conductivity properties are of great importance for CMOS’ wiring materials or for OLEDs. The dielectric characteristic of some thin films’ material is exploited together with magnetic properties in high-density storage and non-volatile memory applications. Nanotechnology in this area enables the preparation of thinner films as well as a better dispersion of magnetic particles. Thermal properties Thin film coatings are applied in windows or more sophisticated applications like aircraft engines (e.g. Thermal Barrier Coatings based on Zirconia). Nanotechnology enables the optimisation of thin film thickness and density (incl. pores, if any) to specific requirements. Application of multi-layered thin films allows, for instance, blocking the travel of atomic vibrations that produces heat flow whilst still letting the electrons flow as a current (application in thermoelectric devices). 9 Roadmap report on Thin films and coatings
2.3 The Thin films & coatings’ pipeline This section deals with each of the steps in the thin films pipeline, from their production to their application. The following table summarises the production techniques considered within this chapter. For each of them a brief description is given and main bottlenecks outlined. Thin film production & application • Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) • Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) • Sol-gel • Electrodeposition / Electroplating • Spin coating • Spray coating • Self-assembly • Positional assembly Thin film posttreatment • Annealing • Thermal oxidation • Ultra Violet (UV) Patterning • Optical Lithography • Plasma etching • Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) • Electron beam nanolithography • Ion beam nanolithography • DipPen nanolithography • Inkjet • Sputter etching • Ion milling However, it should be underlined that thin films production does not always follow this linear approach. In fact, for many applications only the first 2 steps are normally implemented whereas for applications in the semiconductors’ industry thin films undergo the complete process. Within the thin film production and application processes, on one hand there are processes that provide the raw materials for thin film application (i.e. sol-gel) chemical that are then applied using another technique (i.e. spin-coating). On the other hand, process like PVD or CVD deal both with the chemical composition as well as the application of the thin film. In general, most of the experts having participated in this roadmapping exercise do have in-house knowledge for designing (or formulating) the thin films they are presently researching or applying. 10 Roadmap report on Thin films and coatings
Page 1 and 2: ROADMAPS AT 2015 ON NANOTECHNOLOGY
Page 3 and 4: W&W España s.l. Avda. Diagonal 361
Page 5 and 6: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The N
Page 7 and 8: 4. Preparing a first draft roadmap
Page 9: of organic materials; however, nano
Page 13 and 14: 2.3.1 Thin films’ production & ap
Page 15 and 16: This production method could be use
Page 17 and 18: The availability of patterned subst
Page 19 and 20: equired to understand the growth me
Page 21 and 22: 2.3.3.2 Plasma etching (Dry) chemic
Page 23 and 24: deposition. As compared to ion mill
Page 25 and 26: • Lack of understanding of decomp
Page 27 and 28: 2.3.4.3 Timeline for applications
Page 29 and 30: Overview of current applications (2
Page 31 and 32: Overview of applications in 2015 Th
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.4.5 Description of main applica
Page 35 and 36: light that carries data through the
Page 37 and 38: 2.4 Non technological aspects 2.4.1
Page 39 and 40: 2.4.3 Health, safety and environmen
Page 41 and 42: efficiency and lifetime. The latter
Page 43 and 44: As in other nanotechnology areas, t
Page 45 and 46: applications either exist or could
Page 47 and 48: Annex I. List of Participants Ulric
Page 49: Annex II. Participants’ backgroun

'Thin films & coatings' Roadmap - Nano Mahidol

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