Untitled - Terre des Hommes

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Interviews with children and families involved in silk-weaving, Madurai, 27. November Service Initiative for Voluntary Action (SIVA) Trust, Group discussion with staff, Tirunelveli, 28. November Interviews with (former) child labourers, Tirunelveli, 28. November Ms. Renu Appachu, Jagruthi, Bangalore, 30. November Mr. Nagasimha G. Rao, Associate Director, Child Rights Trust (CRT), Bangalore, 30. November Mr. C. L. Chavan, Project Director, National Child Labour Project, Bangalore, 1. December Interview and visit to APSA and Childline, interviews with staff, Bangalore, 1. December Ms. Gita, ILO-IPEC, Bangalore, 2. December Mr. G. Manjunath, Department of Labour Karnataka, Bangalore, 2. December Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Goa, 4. December Ms. Audrey Pinto, SCAN, Goa, 7. December Ms. Anita Edgar, co-founder/ director of El Shaddai, Goa, 7. December Ms. Samira Kazi, Chairperson Goa State Commission for Protection of Child Rights, 8. December Ms. Albertina Almeida, advocate on children’s rights issues in Goa, 8. December Ms. Nishtha Desai, Director, Children’s Rights in Goa (CRG), 8. December Jan Ugahi, group discussion with employees, Goa, 9. December Mrs. Inez Cotta Carvalho, Chairperson, Child Welfare Committee, Goa, 9. December Society for Integrated Community Development (SNEHA), meeting with children’s rights club and women’s self help group, Bellary, 11. December Society for Integrated Community Development (SNEHA), Group discussion with employees (coordinator, teachers, health-workers, community organisers), Bellary, 11. December Mr. Vidyasagas Ramamurthy, Child Protection Specialist for UNICEF Tamil Nadu and Kerala, Chennai, 15. December Ms. Suchatra, consultant UNICEF Karnataka, Bangalore, 17. December 50
Bolivia 1. Introduction and background to child exploitation There were 800,000 children estimated to be working in Bolivia in 2001 (UNICEF in Terre des Hommes 2008: 35-36 ), but many believe this figure to be even higher. The Instituto Nacional de Estadística or National Statistics Institute (INE), together with UNICEF, estimated in 2004 that there were 493,553 children working in rural areas, 116,000 children aged seven to thirteen active in the goods and services sector and 729,000 adolescents from fourteen to seventeen performing some type of economic activity in Bolivia ( INE-UNICEF in Terre des Hommes 2008: 35-36). Child labour is also prevalent in the urban areas; 14% of children in Sucre are working according to Defensoría de la Niñez y Adolescencia (Local Ombudsperson for Children and Youth). Some of Bolivia’s working children are able to combine work and school, but many drop out of school in order to earn money. At the main cemetery in Cochabamba, for example, a large majority (91%) of the working children are also attending school 115 while only about 50% of the working children in Potosí are attending school. 116 The conceptualizations of certain notions within Bolivian culture have implications for how child labour is viewed and dealt with in society. There is much debate around child labour going on in Bolivia and the interviewees to this report were split on varying aspects of the issue. Cecilia Erostegui from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs explains that in Bolivia there is no real concept of childhood as a separate stage of life, but that children are considered full members of the family, with a responsibility to contribute what they can to the household. Working alongside the family and contributing to the household income is seen as part of the child’s education and socialization process, especially in the rural areas. 117 Others, such as Silvia Escobar dne Pabon from the research centre CEDLA argue that child labour is not a cultural issue and that the majority of Bolivians in both rural and urban areas believe, at least in principle that children should be in school rather than working. 118 There is also a policy debate going on about children’s right to work versus their right to protection and hence about whether to regulate working conditions or to abolish child labour altogether. Defining which types of labour are exploitative is seen by some as central to judging which types of work children should have a right to do and what should be prohibited. Those on the abolitionist side of the debate feel that this distinction is arbitrary, and that children should not be involved in any type of work. Some of the background necessary to understanding child labour in Bolivia can be found by looking at family structures. It is common for men to migrate great distances for work; temporarily or permanently abandoning their families. There are many broken families and remarriages and it is common for children to face abuse and neglect at the hands of stepfathers. Often children do not form an emotional bond with their parents or siblings and in combination with the great amount of responsibility they take on at a young age, lead very independent lives from early on. Violence against children is a large-scale problem in Bolivia. According to a different study by INE and UNICEF (2007), half of Bolivia’s child population - about two million children - have been physically and psychologically abused at some point in their life (INFANTE 2009: 3). Although this abuse takes place in schools, in shelters, on the streets or at the hands of law enforcement agents, 83% of physical abuse happens within the family. Other data, by Ipas Bolivia and Marie Stopes 115 Mr. Cristóbel Gonzales Ugalda (Audiovisuales Educativos (AVE)) 116 Ana Maria Janco (Care Potosí) 117 Cecilia Erostegui (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores) 118 Silvia Escobar dne Pabon (El Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario(CEDLA)) 51
Page 2 and 3: Stichting Terre des Hommes Nederlan
Page 4 and 5: 6. List of respondents ............
Page 6 and 7: Introduction This report is based o
Page 8 and 9: Legal analysis of child labour The
Page 10 and 11: (ILO, Targeting the Intolerable, 19
Page 12 and 13: Prohibiting prostitution is require
Page 14 and 15: depend on police force, but also on
Page 16 and 17: Optional Protocol to the Convention
Page 18 and 19: It is still the norm culturally for
Page 20 and 21: children in Bangladesh can be descr
Page 22 and 23: The road to sex work In both floati
Page 24 and 25: heterosexual man may also have sex
Page 26 and 27: The average hiring age in Dhaka’s
Page 28 and 29: exploitation of children also appea
Page 30 and 31: Child Advocacy Forum and Bangladesh
Page 32 and 33: themselves 57 . Policy changes at t
Page 34 and 35: Interviews with members of the Hori
Page 36 and 37: Various social trends and their sub
Page 38 and 39: fine. Whoever ostensibly procures a
Page 40 and 41: households with child domestic labo
Page 42 and 43: exploited, as there is no fear of p
Page 44 and 45: older they move on to better paying
Page 46 and 47: The Indian government's focus on ed
Page 48 and 49: The government needs to disseminate
Page 52 and 53: International, indicates that 60% o
Page 54 and 55: The new constitution (2007) prohibi
Page 56 and 57: stranded in an unknown environment.
Page 58 and 59: They work with machetes, exposing t
Page 60 and 61: and diseases. An adult earns Bs60-1
Page 62 and 63: According to CNNA, people under the
Page 64 and 65: There is a need to raise awareness
Page 66 and 67: Sucre Sister Cira, Centro Santa Clo
Page 68 and 69: violence can leave children without
Page 70 and 71: at 4 hours a day. Children between
Page 72 and 73: Human trafficking is a definite rea
Page 74 and 75: absence of specialized knowledge ab
Page 76 and 77: psychoactive substances. Unfortunat
Page 78 and 79: children with no interest in ending
Page 80 and 81: Alejandro Cussianovich Villaran, MA
Page 82 and 83: to access schools in their new situ
Page 84 and 85: The working day for child domestic
Page 86 and 87: d. Hazardous work: work which, by i
Page 88 and 89: 5. Recommendations by respondents A
Page 90 and 91: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
Page 92 and 93: Tanzania 1. Introduction and backgr
Page 94 and 95: Children are forbidden from working
Page 96 and 97: According to ILO (ILO 2006) estimat
Page 98 and 99: officials since legislation is offi
Page 100 and 101:
ILO/IPEC. 2003. Facts on Child Dome
Page 102 and 103:
street children, incidence of domes
Page 104 and 105:
government has become aware of the
Page 106 and 107:
4. Interventions Government initiat
Page 108 and 109:
5. Recommendations by respondents T
Page 110 and 111:
7. List of respondents Kampala: Ans
Page 112 and 113:
Secondly, poverty is often cited as
Page 114 and 115:
organisations. The Indian state Goa
Page 116 and 117:
Recommendations A constant improvem
Page 118 and 119:
Annex List of topics and questions
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Untitled - Terre des Hommes

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