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Scope of Entrepreneurial Activity active individuals in each country. The last three columns indicate whether or not a country was involved in previous GEM assessments. The TEA index average across countries — which gives equal weight to each country regardless of size — was 8 percent. However, when the size of the labor force in each of the GEM countries is taken into account, the prevalence rate climbs to 12 percent. This reflects the impact of the 1.4 billion persons in the labor force in China and India, half the population represented by the sample. Further, dividing the total count of TEA participants, 286 million, by the proportion of the world population included in the GEM 2002 countries (62 percent) yields a global estimate of 460 million. This number may in fact underestimate the scope of entrepreneurial activity worldwide because most countries not yet included in the GEM assessment are developing nations with massive populations. Heavily populated countries such as Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey and Vietnam may exhibit higher TEA rates than the more developed nations already represented in the GEM analysis. What is to be made of this? One basis of comparison might be the human birth rate. For 2002 the projected human birth rate for the world is 2.2 births per year per 100 in the population, or 135 million births for a global population of 6.1 billion. The total estimate of the global count of those entrepreneurially active at 460 million is more than three times that number! Participating in business start-ups is clearly a major feature of the work lives of many individuals — affecting many of their family members and friends — thus deserving more systematic attention in its own right. 8
Cross-National Differences in Entrepreneurial Activity The level of entrepreneurial activity among the 37 countries in GEM 2002 is presented in Figure 1. As this chart illustrates, the TEA rate varies from about 2 percent for Japan (1 in 50) to 19 percent for Thailand (1 in 5). The vertical bars display the 95 percent confidence intervals — sometimes referred to as the margins of error — and indicate the precision of these estimates. In those situations where the vertical bars overlap, there is no statistically significant difference between the countries under consideration. Hence, Thailand, India and perhaps Chile would be considered to have equivalent levels of entrepreneurial activity at the high end, with Japan, Russia, Belgium, France and Hong Kong at a comparable level on the low end. The length of the bars is a reflection of differences in sample size, from wide vertical bars for samples of 1,000 in Mexico and Thailand to narrow bars for Germany and the United Kingdom, where samples exceeded 15,000. It is clear from this analysis that <strong>entrepreneurship</strong> is not uniformly distributed around the world. However, it is also obvious that certain geographical/cultural clusters demonstrate remarkable similarity in terms of the level and nature of entrepreneurial activity occurring within their borders. For the sake of comparison, the GEM 2002 countries have been reordered into the Figure 1: Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) by Country Persons per 100 Adults, 18-64 Yrs Old (95% Confidence Interval) 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 – Upper – Average – Lower 9 0.00 Japan Russia Belgium France Hong Kong Croatia Sweden Chinese Taipei Poland Finland The Netherlands Slovenia Spain Germany United Kingdom Italy Singapore Denmark South Africa Hungary Israel Switzerland Australia Norway Canada Ireland United States Iceland China Mexico Brazil New Zealand Argentina Korea Chile India Thailand ALL Countries
Page 1 and 2: GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR 200
Page 3 and 4: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 200
Page 5 and 6: Lists of Tables and Figures List of
Page 7 and 8: Team Denmark Finland France Germany
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary The Global Entrep
Page 11: Scope of Entrepreneurial Activity O
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3: Global Distribution of To
Page 17 and 18: Table 3: Change in Percent Growth i
Page 19 and 20: Motivations and Types of Entreprene
Page 21 and 22: entrepreneurially active adults exp
Page 23 and 24: Science, Technology and High Potent
Page 25 and 26: Association Between Entrepreneurial
Page 27 and 28: National Context and Entrepreneuria
Page 29 and 30: Special Topics GEM research provide
Page 31 and 32: Correlations between several nation
Page 33 and 34: Figure 9: Domestic Classic Venture
Page 35 and 36: family ownership expected within fi
Page 37 and 38: y which individuals assemble the re
Page 39 and 40: (i.e., motivation and skill) of the
Page 41 and 42: International Database projections
Page 43 and 44: Table E-2: Correlations Between Yea
Page 45 and 46: For more information on the Global
Page 48: 12/02 15M

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