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“Recognizing Reclaimed Water as a Valuable Resource: The City of Tampa’s First Residential Reuse Project.” 2002 WateReuse Annual Symposium, Orlando, Florida. September 8-11, 2002. Harries J.E., D.A. Sheahan, S. Jobling, P. Mattiessen, P. Neall, E.J. Routledge, R. Rycroft, J.P. Sumpter, and T. Tylor. 1997. “Estrogenic Activity in Five United Kingdom Rivers Detected by Measurement of Vitellogenesis in Caged Male Trout.” Environ Toxicol Chem. 16: 534 542. Harries J.E., D.A. Sheahan, S. Jobling, P. Mattiessen, P. Neall, E.J. Routledge, R. Rycroft, J.P. Sumpter, and T. Tylor. 1996. “A Survey of Estrogenic Activity in United Kingdom Inland Waters.” Environ Toxicol Chem. 15: 1993 2002. Haas, C.N. A. Thayyat-Madabusi, J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 2000. “Development of a Dose-response Relationship for Escherichia coli.” 0157:H7. Intern. J. Food Microbiol.1:1-7. Haas, C.H., J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. (eds) 1999. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. Hayes T.B., A. Collins, M. Lee, M. Mendoza, N. Noriega, A.A. Stuart, and A. Vonk. 2002. “Hermaphroditic, Demasculinized Frogs After Eexposure to the Herbicide Atrazine at Low Ecologically Relevant Doses.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99(8) 5476-5480. Hench, K. R., G.K. Bissonnette, A.J. Sexstone, J.G. Coleman, K. Garbutt, and J.G. Skousen. 2003. “Fate of Physical, Chemical and Microbila Contaminants in Domestic Wastewater Following Treatment by Small Constructed Wetlands.” Wat. Res. 37: 921-927. Hirsekorn, R.A., and R.A. Ellison, Jr. 1987. “Sea Pines Public Service District Implements a Comprehensive Reclaimed Water System.” Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium IV, August 2-7, 1987. AWWA Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado. Hoeller, C. S. Koschinsky, and D. Whitthuhn. 1999. “Isolation of Enterohaemorragic Escherchia coli from Municipal Sewage.” Lancet 353. (9169):2039. Huang, C.H., and D.L. Sedlak. 2001. “Analysis of Estrogenic Hormones in Municipal Wastewater Effluent and Surface Water using ELISA and GC/MS/MS.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 20, 133-139. 1998. “Efficacy of Pulsed White Light to Inactivate Microorganisms.” Proceedings, AWWA WQTC, San Diego, CA. November 1-5. Hunter, G., and B. Long. 2002. “Endocrine Disrupters in Reclaimed Water Effective Removal from Disinfection Technologies.” 2002 Annual Symposium – WateReuse Symposium. Orlando, Florida. September 8-11, 2002. Hurst, C.J., W.H. Benton, and R.E. Stetler. 1989. “Detecting Viruses in Water.” Journal AWWA.81(9): 71-80. Irvine Ranch Water District. 2002. Water Resource Master Plan. Irvine, California. Jaques, R.S., and D. Williams. 1996. “Enhance the Feasibility of Reclamation Projects through Aquifer Storage and Recovery.” Water Reuse Conference Proceedings. American Water Works Association. Denver, Colorado. Jansons, J., L.W. Edmonds, B. Speight, and M.R. Bucens. 1989. “Survival of Viruses in Groundwater.” Water Research, 23(3):301-306. Jenks, J.H. 1991. “Eliminating Summer Wastewater Discharge.” Water Environment & Technology, 3(4): 9. Johnson, W.D. 1998. “Innovative Augmentation of a Community’s Water Supply – The St. Petersburg, Florida Experience.” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 71 st Annual Conference and Exposition. October 3-7, 1998. Orlando, Florida. Johnson, W.D., and J.R. Parnell. 1987. “The Unique Benefits/Problems When Using Reclaimed Water in a Coastal Community.” Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium IV, pp. 259-270. August 2-7, 1987. AWWA Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado. Jolis, D., C. Lan, P. Pitt, and R. Hirano. 1996. “Particle Size Effects on UV Light Disinfection of Filtered Reclaimed Wastewater.” Water Reuse Conference Proceedings. American Water Works Association. Denver, Colorado. Keller, W. 2002. “Reuse of Stormwater and Wastewater in the City of Calgary.” Presentation at CCME Workshop. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. May 30-31, 2002. Keswick, B.H., C.P. Gerba, S.L. Secor, and I. Sech. 1982. “Survival of Enteric Viruses and Indicator Bacteria in Groundwater.” Jour. Environ. Sci. Health, A17: 903 912. Huffman, Debra E., Theresa R. Slifko, and Joan B. Rose. 141
Klingel, K., C. Hohenadl, A. Canu, M. Albrecht, M. Seemann, G. Mall, and R. Kandolf. 1992. “Ongoing Enterovirus-induced Myocarditis is Associated with Persistent Heart Muscle Infection: Quantitative Analysis of Virus Replication, Tissue Damage and Inflammation.” Proceeding of the National Academy of Science. 89, 314 318. Koivunen, J., A. Siitonen, and H. Heinonen-Tanski. 2003. “Elimination of Enteric Bacteria in Biological-Chemical Wastewater Treatment and Tertiary Filtration Units.” Wat. Res. 37:690-698. Kolpin, D.W., E.T. Furlong, M.T. Meyer, E.M. Thurman, S.D. Zaugg, L.B. Barber, and H.T. Buxton. 2002. “Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Stream, 1999-2000 - A National Reconnaissance.” Env. Sci. and Tech., v. 36, no. 6, p. 1202-1211. Lund, E. 1980. “Health Problems Associated with the Re-Use of Sewage: I. Bacteria, II. Viruses, III. Protozoa and Helminths.” Working papers prepared for WHO Seminar on Health Aspects of Treated Sewage Re-Use. 1-5 June 1980. Algiers. Mahmoud. A.A. 2000. “Diseases Due to Helminths.” Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5 th Ed. pp. 2937-2986. Churchill Livingstone. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Maier, R.N., Ian L. Pepper, and Charles P. Gerba. 2000. “Environmental Microbiology.” 1st Ed. Eds. R.M. Maier, I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba. Academic Press. Pp. 546-547. San Diego, CA. Mara, D., and S. Cairncross. 1989. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture: Measures for Public Health Protection. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Martens, R.H., R.A. Morrell, J. Jackson, and C.A. Ferguson. 1998. “Managing Flows During Low Reclaimed Water Demand Periods at Brevard County, Florida’s South Central Regional Wastewater System.” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 71 st Annual Conference and Exposition. October 3-7, 1998. Orlando, Florida. McGovern, P., and H.S. McDonald. 2003. “Endocrine Disruptors.” Water Environment & Technology Journal. Water Environment Federation. January 2003. Metcalf & Eddy. 2002. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. 2002.”Report on Metropolitan’s Water Supplies.” www.mwd.dst.ca.us. Michino, I.K., H. Araki, S. Minami, N. Takaya, M. Sakai, A. Oho Miyazaki, and H. Yanagawa. 1999. “Massive Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Infection in School Children in Sakai City, Japan, Associated with consumption of White Radish Sprouts.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 150, 787-796 Miller, D.G. “West Basin Municipal Water District: 5 Designer (Recycled) Waters to Meet Customer’s Needs.” West Basin Municipal Water District. Mitch, William, and David L. Sedlak. 2003. “Fate of N nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Precursors during Municipal Wastewater Treatment.” Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Annaul Conference. Anaheim, California. American Water Works Association, 2003. Modifi, A.A., E. A. Meyer, P.M. Wallis, C.I. Chou, B.P. Meyer, S. Ramalingam, and B.M. Coffey. 2002. “The effect of UV light on the Inactivation of Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris cysts as determined by Animal Infectivity Assay.” Water Research. 36:2098-2108. Murphy, D.F.. and G.E. Lee. 1979. “East Bay Dischargers Authority Reuse Survey.” Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium. Volume 2. pp. 1086-1098. March 25 30, 1979. AWWA Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado. Murphy, W.H.. and J.T. Syverton. 1958. “Absorption and Translocation of Mammalian Viruses by Plants. II. Recovery and Distribution of Viruses in Plants.” Virology, 6(3), 623. Nagel, R.A., L.M. McGovern, P. Shields, G. Oelker, and J.R. Bolton. 2001. “Using Ultraviolet (UV) Light to Remove N-Nitrosodimethylamine from Recycled Water.” WateReuse 2001 Symposium. National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 5. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. National Communicable Disease Center. 1975. Morbidity and Mortality, Weekly Report. National Communicable Disease Center. 24(31): 261. National Research Council. 1998. “Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water.” National Academy Press. 142
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EPA/625/R-04/108 September 2004 Gui
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Foreword In an effort to help meet
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Chapter Page 2.3.3.2 Site Use Contr
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Chapter Page 3.6.3.3 Land Applicati
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Chapter Page 6.4 Incremental Versus
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Chapter Page 8.5.20.1Drarga, Morocc
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Table Page 3-6 Typical Pathogen Sur
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Table Page 8-10 Major Reuse Project
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Figure Page 2-19 Available Reclaime
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Acknowledgements The Guidelines for
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William Everest Orange County Water
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*Dr. Christopher Scott, P.E. Intern
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Robert Whitley Whitley, Burchett an
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction The world’
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water treatment and disposal. Under
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1.7 References Department of the In
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Florida, has been in operation sinc
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• Prevention of improper operatio
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industrial uses must also be added
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following indirect impacts associat
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2. Identification of metal alloys i
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Table 2-3. North Richmond Water Rec
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2.2.3.4 Petroleum and Coal Processe
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tration and excess application is r
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or very low calcium content in the
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e attributable to different types o
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environmental enhancements (wetland
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The Yelm, Washington, project in Co
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Figure 2-6. Three Engineered Method
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the development of anaerobic condit
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Figure 2-7. Schematic of Soil-Aquif
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zone injection wells as compared to
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metabolism. One would expect simila
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A guiding principle in the developm
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source control and protection progr
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not dissimilar from those that coul
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Table 2-12. San Diego Potable Reuse
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Figure 2-9. Water Resources at RCID
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Figure 2-11. Estimated Potable Wate
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The obvious question that must be a
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Figure 2-15. North Phoenix Reclaime
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effective through a test program fu
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It is important to note that, in al
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achieve compliance with a streamflo
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gallons of stored water (143,850 m
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feet per year (130 mgd or 492,100 m
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euse site, and (2) produce a reliab
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As outlined in the Water Conservati
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Calabrese, E.J., C.E. Gilbert, and
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Johns, F.L., R. J. Neal, and R. P.
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Southwest Florida Water Management
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3.1.1 Preliminary Investigations Th
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should be known including the prese
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Figure 3-3. Fresh Water Source, Use
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which consists primarily of landsca
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Figure 3-7. Potable and Reclaimed W
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quirements for water reuse applicat
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Page 121 and 122: must either directly or indirectly
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Page 125 and 126: isms that may be found in raw and s
Page 127 and 128: Table 3-7 Pathogens in Untreated an
Page 129 and 130: Table 3-10 Some Suggested Alternati
Page 131 and 132: 3.4.1.7 Chemical Constituents The c
Page 133 and 134: The health effects resulting from o
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Page 141 and 142: Table 3-13a. Microfiltration Remova
Page 143 and 144: • All water pollution control fac
Page 145 and 146: discharge the wastewater to approve
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Page 151 and 152: salts from the root zone or to inte
Page 153 and 154: Figure 3-14. Example of a Multiple
Page 155 and 156: der some circumstances, using a rec
Page 157 and 158: Though inspection and review regula
Page 159 and 160: Figure 3-18. TDS Increase Due to Ev
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Page 163 and 164: der this provision, reclaimed water
Page 165 and 166: Figure 3-21. Irrigation Lateral Sep
Page 167 and 168: Ahel M., W. Giger W., and M. Koch.
Page 169: Federal Water Quality Administratio
Page 173 and 174: ter Treatment Plant Effluent. Unive
Page 175 and 176: 124503. Environmental Monitoring an
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Page 179 and 180: Figure 4-1. California Water Reuse
Page 181 and 182: Table 4-1. Summary of State Reuse R
Page 183 and 184: average) except when reclaimed wate
Page 185 and 186: water quality requirements vary fro
Page 187 and 188: Table 4-7. Unrestricted Recreationa
Page 189 and 190: Table 4-10. Industrial Reuse (1) Ar
Page 191 and 192: and Washington) have regulations or
Page 193 and 194: is delivered to the reuse system on
Page 195 and 196: • Agricultural Reuse - Food Crops
Page 197 and 198: Table 4-13. Suggested Guidelines fo
Page 199 and 200: Footnotes 1. These guidelines are b
Page 201 and 202: genic microorganisms during the dis
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Page 205 and 206: 5.1.1 Appropriative Rights System T
Page 207 and 208: 5.2 Section 5.2 “Water Supply and
Page 209 and 210: egulations that establish criteria
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Page 219 and 220: cost of its operation • MRWPCA wi
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Pinellas County Utilities - STANDAR
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Owner’s Full Name and Service Add
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eclaimed water of sufficient qualit
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fourth element addresses the coordi
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6.2 • Economic - delay in or avoi
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tion of ordinances or regulations t
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One example of such a capital contr
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allowed the City to postpone expans
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General and administrative costs sh
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Table 6-2. User Fees for Existing U
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urse its water and wastewater reven
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Table 6-4. Estimated Capital and Ma
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new service; (2) the fees charged c
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Table 6-9. Percent Costs Recovered
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Washington State Department of Ecol
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A public participation program can
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Table 7-1. Positive and Negative Re
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Figure 7-3. Survey Results for Diff
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sults, monitor the effectiveness of
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grams, the user is concerned with t
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Table 7-3. Trade Reactions and Expe
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to remind homeowners about dry seas
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developed to enhance and improve th
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• Protect public health and the e
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the survey respondents claimed to k
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Table 8-1. Sources of Water in Seve
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of water scarcity, meaning that in
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wastewater treatment to produce usa
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Water Supply and Sanitation Coverag
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Table 8-3. Summary of Water Quality
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The government of Tasmania, Austral
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Table 8-5. Life-Cycle Cost of Typic
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ment, at which stage, around 9,000
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There was another attempt to reuse
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tor for water reuse at a national l
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8.5.9 France France’s water resou
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treatment. Enteric diseases, anemia
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The 2 largest reuse projects are th
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Table 8-11. Uses of Reclaimed Water
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Table 8-13. Reclaimed Water Standar
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Another key element of the Drarga p
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high reliability of wastewater, the
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d (30 mgd) of reclaimed water for n
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authorities. These authorities are
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Over 40 irrigation projects have be
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terms and general conditions of rec
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8.5.35 Zimbabwe In Zimbabwe, water
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Scott, C. A., J. A. Zarazua, G. Lev
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Table A-1. Unrestricted Urban Reuse
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Table A-2. Restricted Urban Reuse 3
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Table A-2. Restricted Urban Reuse S
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Table A-3. Agricultural Reuse - Foo
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Table A-4. Agricultural Reuse - Non
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390 Table A-5. Unrestricted Recreat
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Table A-5. Unrestricted Recreationa
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Table A-5. Unrestricted Recreationa
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Table A-6. Restricted Recreational
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Table A-7. Environmental - Wetlands
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Table A-7. Environmental - Wetlands
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Table A-8. Industrial Reuse 406 Sta
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Table A-9. Groundwater Recharge 418
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Table A-9. Groundwater Recharge Sta
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Table A-10. Indirect Potable Reuse
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Appendix B. State Website Internet
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Appendix B. State Website Internet
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Acronyms AID U.S. Agency for Intern
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446
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Appendix D: Inventory of Water Reus
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Appendix D: Inventory of Water Reus
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