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CHAPTER 2
Types of Reuse Applications
Chapter 2 provides detailed explanations of major reuse
application types. These include:
2.1
• Urban
• Industrial
• Agricultural
• Environmental and recreational
• Groundwater recharge
• Augmentation of potable supplies
Quantity and quality requirements are considered for each
reuse application, as well as any special considerations
necessary when reclaimed water is substituted for more
traditional sources of water. Case studies of reuse applications
are provided in Section 2.7. Key elements of water
reuse that are common to most projects (i.e., supply and
demand, treatment requirements, storage, and distribution)
are discussed in Chapter 3.
Urban Reuse
Urban reuse systems provide reclaimed water for various
nonpotable purposes including:
• Irrigation of public parks and recreation centers, athletic
fields, school yards and playing fields, highway
medians and shoulders, and landscaped areas
surrounding public buildings and facilities
• Irrigation of landscaped areas surrounding single-family
and multi-family residences, general wash down, and
other maintenance activities
• Irrigation of landscaped areas surrounding commercial,
office, and industrial developments
• Irrigation of golf courses
• Commercial uses such as vehicle washing facilities,
laundry facilities, window washing, and mixing water
for pesticides, herbicides, and liquid fertilizers
• Ornamental landscape uses and decorative water features,
such as fountains, reflecting pools, and waterfalls
• Dust control and concrete production for construction
projects
• Fire protection through reclaimed water fire hydrants
• Toilet and urinal flushing in commercial and industrial
buildings
Urban reuse can include systems serving large users.
Examples include parks, playgrounds, athletic fields,
highway medians, golf courses, and recreational facilities.
In addition, reuse systems can supply major water-using
industries or industrial complexes as well as a
combination of residential, industrial, and commercial
properties through “dual distribution systems.” A 2-year
field demonstration/research garden compared the impacts
of irrigation with reclaimed versus potable water
for landscape plants, soils, and irrigation components.
The comparison showed few significant differences;
however, landscape plants grew faster with reclaimed
water (Lindsey et al., 1996). But such results are not a
given. Elevated chlorides in the reclaimed water provided
by the City of St. Petersburg have limited the foliage
that can be irrigated (Johnson, 1998).
In dual distribution systems, the reclaimed water is delivered
to customers through a parallel network of distribution
mains separate from the community’s potable water
distribution system. The reclaimed water distribution system
becomes a third water utility, in addition to wastewater
and potable water. Reclaimed water systems are operated,
maintained, and managed in a manner similar to
the potable water system. One of the oldest municipal
dual distribution systems in the U.S., in St. Petersburg,
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