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Figures Figure Page 1-1 Estimated and Projected Urban Population in the World ...................................................................... 2 2-1 Potable and Nonpotable Water Use – Monthly Historic Demand Variation, Irvine Ranch Water District, California .................................................................................................. 9 2-2 Potable and Nonpotable Water Use – Monthly Historic Demand Variation, St. Petersburg, Florida ......................................................................................................................... 9 2-3 Cooling Tower .................................................................................................................................... 14 2-4 Comparison of Agricultural Irrigation, Public/Domestic, and Total Freshwater Withdrawals ..................................................................................................................... 20 2-5 Agricultural Reuse Categories by Percent in California ...................................................................... 20 2-6 Three Engineered Methods for Groundwater Recharge ...................................................................... 32 2-7 Schematic of Soil-Aquifer Treatment Systems ..................................................................................36 2-8 Contaminants Regulated by the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations ........................................................................................................................................ 43 2-9 Water Resources at RCID .................................................................................................................. 50 2-10 Altamonte Springs Annual Potable Water Demands per Capita ......................................................... 51 2-11 Estimated Potable Water Conserved Using Best LEM Method .......................................................... 52 2-12 Estimated Potable Water Conserved Using the CCM Method ............................................................ 52 2-13 Estimated Potable Water Conserved Using Both Methods ................................................................ 53 2-14 Estimated Raw Water Supply vs. Demand for the 2002 South/Central Service Area ...................................................................................................................................... 53 2-15 North Phoenix Reclaimed Water Service Area ................................................................................... 56 2-16 Durbin Creek Storage Requirements as a Function of Irrigated Area ................................................. 61 2-17 Project Flow Path ............................................................................................................................... 68 2-18 Growth of Reuse in Florida ................................................................................................................. 69 xvii
Figure Page 2-19 Available Reclaimed Water in Pasco, Pinellas, and Hillsborough Counties ........................................ 70 3-1 Phases of Reuse Program Planning .................................................................................................. 77 3-2 1995 U.S. Fresh Water Demands by Major Uses ............................................................................... 81 3-3 Fresh Water Source, Use, and Disposition ........................................................................................ 82 3-4 Wastewater Treatment Return Flow by State, 1995 ........................................................................... 83 3-5 Total Withdrawals ............................................................................................................................... 83 3-6 Average Indoor Water Usage (Total = 69.3 gpcd) .............................................................................. 84 3-7 Potable and Reclaimed Water Usage in St. Petersburg, Florida ........................................................ 86 3-8 Three Configuration Alternatives for Water Reuse Systems .............................................................. 87 3-9 Reclaimed Water Supply vs. Irrigation Demand .................................................................................90 3-10 Generalized Flow Sheet for Wastewater Treatment ......................................................................... 107 3-11 Particle Size Separation Comparison Chart ..................................................................................... 109 3-12 Average Monthly Rainfall and Pan Evaporation ............................................................................... 120 3-13 Average Pasture Irrigation Demand and Potential Supply ................................................................ 121 3-14 Example of Multiple Reuse Distribution System .............................................................................. 124 3-15 Reclaimed Water Advisory Sign ....................................................................................................... 125 3-16 Florida Separation Requirements for Reclaimed Water Mains .......................................................... 126 3-17 Anticipated Daily Reclaimed Water Demand Curve vs. Diurnal Reclaimed Water Flow Curve ............................................................................................................................. 129 3-18 TDS Increase Due to Evaporation for One Year as a Function of Pond Depth ............................................................................................................................................... 130 3-19 Orange County, Florida, Redistribution Constructed Wetland ........................................................... 132 3-20 A Minimum 5-Foot (1.5 m) Horizontal Pipe Separation Coupled with and 18-Inch (46 cm) Vertical Separation ................................................................................................. 135 3-21 Irrigation Lateral Separation ............................................................................................................. 136 3-22 Lateral Crossing Requirements ........................................................................................................ 136 3-23 Parallel Water – Lateral Installation .................................................................................................. 136 4-1 California Water Reuse by Type (Total 358 mgd) ............................................................................. 150 xviii
Page 2 and 3: EPA/625/R-04/108 September 2004 Gui
Page 4: Foreword In an effort to help meet
Page 7 and 8: Chapter Page 2.3.3.2 Site Use Contr
Page 9 and 10: Chapter Page 3.6.3.3 Land Applicati
Page 11 and 12: Chapter Page 6.4 Incremental Versus
Page 13 and 14: Chapter Page 8.5.20.1Drarga, Morocc
Page 15 and 16: Table Page 3-6 Typical Pathogen Sur
Page 17: Table Page 8-10 Major Reuse Project
Page 22 and 23: Acknowledgements The Guidelines for
Page 24 and 25: William Everest Orange County Water
Page 26 and 27: *Dr. Christopher Scott, P.E. Intern
Page 28 and 29: Robert Whitley Whitley, Burchett an
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 1 Introduction The world’
Page 32 and 33: water treatment and disposal. Under
Page 34: 1.7 References Department of the In
Page 37 and 38: Florida, has been in operation sinc
Page 39 and 40: • Prevention of improper operatio
Page 41 and 42: industrial uses must also be added
Page 43 and 44: following indirect impacts associat
Page 45 and 46: 2. Identification of metal alloys i
Page 47 and 48: Table 2-3. North Richmond Water Rec
Page 49 and 50: 2.2.3.4 Petroleum and Coal Processe
Page 51 and 52: tration and excess application is r
Page 53 and 54: or very low calcium content in the
Page 55 and 56: e attributable to different types o
Page 57 and 58: environmental enhancements (wetland
Page 59 and 60: The Yelm, Washington, project in Co
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2-6. Three Engineered Method
Page 63 and 64: the development of anaerobic condit
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2-7. Schematic of Soil-Aquif
Page 67 and 68: zone injection wells as compared to
Page 69 and 70:
metabolism. One would expect simila
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A guiding principle in the developm
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source control and protection progr
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not dissimilar from those that coul
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Table 2-12. San Diego Potable Reuse
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Figure 2-9. Water Resources at RCID
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Figure 2-11. Estimated Potable Wate
Page 83 and 84:
The obvious question that must be a
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 2-15. North Phoenix Reclaime
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effective through a test program fu
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It is important to note that, in al
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achieve compliance with a streamflo
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gallons of stored water (143,850 m
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feet per year (130 mgd or 492,100 m
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euse site, and (2) produce a reliab
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As outlined in the Water Conservati
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Calabrese, E.J., C.E. Gilbert, and
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Johns, F.L., R. J. Neal, and R. P.
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Southwest Florida Water Management
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3.1.1 Preliminary Investigations Th
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should be known including the prese
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Figure 3-3. Fresh Water Source, Use
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which consists primarily of landsca
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Figure 3-7. Potable and Reclaimed W
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quirements for water reuse applicat
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of tourists, and seasons of high fl
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must either directly or indirectly
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uct is commonly referenced as the
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isms that may be found in raw and s
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Table 3-7 Pathogens in Untreated an
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Table 3-10 Some Suggested Alternati
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3.4.1.7 Chemical Constituents The c
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The health effects resulting from o
Page 135 and 136:
consistent results, indicating that
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The chlorine dosage required to dis
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trite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen
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Table 3-13a. Microfiltration Remova
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• All water pollution control fac
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discharge the wastewater to approve
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lection of how control valves respo
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tuations, which can affect system r
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salts from the root zone or to inte
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Figure 3-14. Example of a Multiple
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der some circumstances, using a rec
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Though inspection and review regula
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Figure 3-18. TDS Increase Due to Ev
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hanced, wetlands application may be
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der this provision, reclaimed water
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Figure 3-21. Irrigation Lateral Sep
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Ahel M., W. Giger W., and M. Koch.
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Federal Water Quality Administratio
Page 171 and 172:
Klingel, K., C. Hohenadl, A. Canu,
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ter Treatment Plant Effluent. Unive
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124503. Environmental Monitoring an
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148
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Figure 4-1. California Water Reuse
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Table 4-1. Summary of State Reuse R
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average) except when reclaimed wate
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water quality requirements vary fro
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Table 4-7. Unrestricted Recreationa
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Table 4-10. Industrial Reuse (1) Ar
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and Washington) have regulations or
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is delivered to the reuse system on
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• Agricultural Reuse - Food Crops
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Table 4-13. Suggested Guidelines fo
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Footnotes 1. These guidelines are b
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genic microorganisms during the dis
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174
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5.1.1 Appropriative Rights System T
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5.2 Section 5.2 “Water Supply and
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egulations that establish criteria
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sons ranging from health effects to
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nonpotable systems, or the installa
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thorization of entities with whom t
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if reclaimed water is available whi
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cost of its operation • MRWPCA wi
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Pinellas County Utilities - STANDAR
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Owner’s Full Name and Service Add
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eclaimed water of sufficient qualit
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fourth element addresses the coordi
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6.2 • Economic - delay in or avoi
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tion of ordinances or regulations t
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One example of such a capital contr
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allowed the City to postpone expans
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General and administrative costs sh
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Table 6-2. User Fees for Existing U
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urse its water and wastewater reven
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Table 6-4. Estimated Capital and Ma
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new service; (2) the fees charged c
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Table 6-9. Percent Costs Recovered
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Washington State Department of Ecol
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A public participation program can
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Table 7-1. Positive and Negative Re
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Figure 7-3. Survey Results for Diff
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sults, monitor the effectiveness of
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grams, the user is concerned with t
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Table 7-3. Trade Reactions and Expe
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to remind homeowners about dry seas
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developed to enhance and improve th
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• Protect public health and the e
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the survey respondents claimed to k
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Table 8-1. Sources of Water in Seve
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of water scarcity, meaning that in
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wastewater treatment to produce usa
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Water Supply and Sanitation Coverag
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Table 8-3. Summary of Water Quality
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The government of Tasmania, Austral
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Table 8-5. Life-Cycle Cost of Typic
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ment, at which stage, around 9,000
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There was another attempt to reuse
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tor for water reuse at a national l
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8.5.9 France France’s water resou
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treatment. Enteric diseases, anemia
Page 295 and 296:
The 2 largest reuse projects are th
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Table 8-11. Uses of Reclaimed Water
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Table 8-13. Reclaimed Water Standar
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Another key element of the Drarga p
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high reliability of wastewater, the
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d (30 mgd) of reclaimed water for n
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authorities. These authorities are
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Over 40 irrigation projects have be
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terms and general conditions of rec
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8.5.35 Zimbabwe In Zimbabwe, water
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Scott, C. A., J. A. Zarazua, G. Lev
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Table A-1. Unrestricted Urban Reuse
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Table A-2. Restricted Urban Reuse 3
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Table A-2. Restricted Urban Reuse S
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Table A-3. Agricultural Reuse - Foo
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Table A-4. Agricultural Reuse - Non
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390 Table A-5. Unrestricted Recreat
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Table A-5. Unrestricted Recreationa
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Table A-5. Unrestricted Recreationa
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Table A-6. Restricted Recreational
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Table A-7. Environmental - Wetlands
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Table A-7. Environmental - Wetlands
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Table A-8. Industrial Reuse 406 Sta
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Table A-9. Groundwater Recharge 418
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Table A-9. Groundwater Recharge Sta
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Table A-10. Indirect Potable Reuse
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Appendix B. State Website Internet
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Appendix B. State Website Internet
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Acronyms AID U.S. Agency for Intern
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446
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Appendix D: Inventory of Water Reus
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Appendix D: Inventory of Water Reus
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