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Lean stability limit experiments showed how the RPL equivalence ratio could be optimized to lower the lean blowout limit. Increasing the RPL equivalence ratio was shown to extend the lean blowout limit, up to a limit after which the RPL flame was quenched. Reactor network modelling showed that the stabilizing effect of the RPL was a combination of thermal energy and reactive radicals supplied to the flame zone. The important radicals were shown to be H, O and OH. The emission optimization measurements showed that lowering the equivalence ratio in both the RPL and the pilot minimized the NO X emissions. CFD simulation showed that the degree of mixing of both the RPL and the Pilot at point of ignition was not perfect. Imperfect mixing causes pockets of stoichiometric mixtures to react, which in turn create hot spots where thermal NO X can be formed. At rich RPL equivalence ratios, a flame could be visualized with OH-LIF after the RPL exit. This flame probably to some extent combusts closer to stoichiometry, which increases thermal NO X . These theories of how NO X is formed were confirmed by reactor network calculations. vi
Acknowledgements Without inspiring social surroundings, i.e. family, friends and work companions, working on this thesis would have been tougher. Consequently, I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have made my work on this thesis easier. Firstly, I would like to thank my wife Lisa and my sons Frode and Erik for their support and encouragement. I would like to thank my mother, Gunvor, for all her support. I would like to thank my sisters, Nanna, Malin, Sandra and their respective families. I would like to thank my co-workers at the Division of Thermal Engineering. Jens Klingmann, my supervisor, has given me guidance throughout my work. Magnus Genrup has introduced me to the wonderful world of gas turbines. Marcus Thern has helped me on countless occasions to solve all sorts of editorial issues. I would also like to give gratitude to my fellow doctoral students (some of whom have already achieved their PhD) Pontus Eriksson, Magnus Fast, Klas Jonshagen, Björn Nyberg, Parisa Sayad, Majed Sammak, Srikanth Deshpande, Atanu Kundu, Mao Li and Saeed Bahrami. I would like to thank, our Post-doctoral researcher Alessandro Schönborn for helping me both on the football field and the scientific field. I would also like to thank our Post-doctoral researcher Maria Mondejar. To avoid making the acknowledgements too long, I would like to thank all staff at the Department of Energy Sciences and the Division of Combustion Physics at the Department of Physics. However, I would like to thank a few in particular. Ronald Whiddon has been my laboratory partner during my PhD work, and I am very grateful for the numerous tasks he has performed. He was always happy to help even when times were tough. Rutger Lorensson was not only the main person responsible for making the pressurized testing possible; he is also the man who, magically, always has a solution to any technical difficulty that may arise. Thanks to Robert Collin and Andreas Lantz for stepping in to support the DESS rig work. Abdallah “Abbe” Abou-Taouk, at Chalmers University of Technology, should be thanked for supplying CFD data to the project when needed. This research has been funded by the Swedish Energy Agency, Siemens vii
Page 1 and 2: INVESTIGATION OF A PROTOTYPE INDUST
Page 3 and 4: Populärvetenskaplig Sammanfattning
Page 5: Abstract In this thesis, the effect
Page 9 and 10: List of Papers In this thesis 9 pap
Page 11 and 12: NOMENCLATURE A pre exponential fact
Page 13 and 14: Greek symbols α flame half angle
Page 15: LIF PFR PIV POD PSR RPL SGT SIT SOT
Page 18 and 19: CONTENTS 4.2 OH-Laser Induced Fluor
Page 20 and 21: LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Schematic energ
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Throughout h
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. Objectives ature zones of the
Page 27 and 28: 1.5. Outline of thesis setup to inv
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2 Gas Turbine Combustor To
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.2: Temperature entropy dia
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. The combustor Figure 2.3: Ther
Page 35 and 36: 2.1. The combustor Figure 2.5: Cros
Page 37 and 38: 2.1. The combustor Figure 2.7: Illu
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 3 Experimental setups The g
Page 41 and 42: 3.2. The atmospheric full burner se
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. The atmospheric full burner se
Page 45 and 46: 3.3. The pressurized central body b
Page 47 and 48: 3.3. The pressurized central body b
Page 49 and 50: 3.4. The pressurized full burner se
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 4 Diagnostic methods Severa
Page 53 and 54: 4.1. Particle Image Velocimetry the
Page 55 and 56: 4.2. OH-Laser Induced Fluorescence
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4.3. Schlieren imaging beam between
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CHAPTER 5 Combustor theory - Combus
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5.1. The Borghi diagram The corresp
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5.2. Combustion chemistry Changing
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5.2. Combustion chemistry Figure 5.
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5.2. Combustion chemistry reactions
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5.3. Chemistry and fluid dynamics c
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5.4. Fluid dynamics in a swirl comb
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CHAPTER 6 Concluding remarks This t
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ecirculation zone for the same sett
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CHAPTER 7 Summary of publications P
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Paper III: Investigation of a Premi
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Paper VI: CFD Investigation of Swir
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Paper IX: Experimental Investigatio
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Appendices 77
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A. Flow visualization using Proper
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Bibliography [1] Genrup, M., and Th
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[17] Syred, N., and Beér, J. M., 1
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[37] Samimy, M., and Lele, S. K., 1
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[58] DARS - Software for Digital An
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like combustor: Experimental result
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