DoD Responses to Transnational Threats - The Black Vault

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coordinate activities, a member of that group was arrested in New Jersey with pipe bombs targeted for New York City. The December 1988 bombing of Pan Am 103 – killing 270 people, 200 of whom were Americans – was a Libyan-sponsored act. A year later, in September 1989, a UTA French airliner was destroyed over Chad by the same group. During this period, this group was also responsible for various assassinations of dissident Libyans in the United States. It also recruited a Chicago street gang to attack US airliners with shoulder-fired weapons – a move that was interdicted. Qadhafi sponsored this series of attacks, using surrogates for plausible denial. While these acts involved the backing of a nation state, Libya, it did not involve traditional military force. It illustrates the ability and willingness of transnational adversaries to wage a continued campaign against the United States, one that the United States, in this case, was only partially successful in countering. Retaliation while avoiding consequences ♦ ♦ ♦ Apr 86 — Bombed the LaBelle Disco in Berlin – reaction to President Reagan’s charges against Qadhafi – US retaliated against targets in Libya Libyan retaliation using surrogates started three days later – US hostage in Lebanon sold to Libya and executed – Sept 87 — Pan Am 73 hi-jacked by Abu Nidal working for Libya – several Americans killed – Apr 88 — Japanese Red Army working for Abu Nidal ➤ USO bomb in Naples killed a US sailor ➤ Member arrested in New Jersey with pipe bombs targeted for New York City – Dec 88 — Pan Am 103 – kills 270 (200 Americans) – Sept 89 — UTA French airliner destroyed over Chad ➤ Same two that blew up Pan Am 103 Recruited Chicago street gang to attack US airliners with shoulder-fired weapons – Interdicted Figure 2. Libya Retaliation Campaign World Trade Center Bombing. The motive for the religious extremists involved was to punish the United States for its policies in the Middle East. Their goal was to create maximum casualties and damage. In May 1990, a small band of religious extremists headed by Ramzi Yousef assassinated Rabbi Meir Kahane. At the time, the rabbi's death was treated as a homicide, unrelated to national security. It was only later that this assassination was discovered to be part of a larger revenge campaign against US foreign policy that included the World Trade Center bombing in February 1993. Six people were killed and five thousand were injured, but the terrorists' plans were to kill 16
250,000 through the collapse of the towers, as Figure 3 illustrates. 7 Fortunately the building structure was far more robust than they calculated. They also considered augmenting the explosion with radiological materials or chemical agents, which would have pushed the number of casualties far higher. Religious extremists punishing the US for foreign policy ♦ Motive to create maximum casualties – punishment of the “Great Satan” considered a moral activity ♦ May 90 — Assassinated Rabbi Meir Kahane – treated as a homicide rather than national security issue ♦ ♦ Feb 93 — World Trade Center Truck Bomb – Killed 6, injured 5,000 – Hoped to collapse the towers – Planned to kill 250,000 – Considered radiological and chemical augmentation Jul 4, 93 Follow-on Plan – Infrastructure attack on New York City ➤ George Washington Bridge ➤ Lincoln and Holland Tunnels ➤ UN Headquarters and Federal Building – Interdicted through intelligence and surveillance Figure 3. World Trade Center Follow-On Plan Planned Actual KILLED 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 In addition to the World Trade Center event, this transnational group had planned a massive infrastructure attack on New York City on the Fourth of July that would have included attacks on the George Washington Bridge, Lincoln and Holland Tunnels, the United Nations Headquarters, and the Federal Building in New York. These acts were interdicted through intelligence and surveillance. The architect of this campaign, Ramzi Yousef, evaded capture for two years, but is now in the hands of US officials and standing trial. His plans were not limited to attacks on New York City, but involved a series of follow-on events to include an attack on thirteen international flights using explosives smuggled aboard. This particular activity was tested on a Philippine airliner where a modified bomb was successfully smuggled on board the aircraft and exploded, killing one passenger. Had the broader plan been successfully executed, several thousand people could have died. Yousef’s intended targets were not limited to the United States. Authorities also uncovered a plot to assassinate the Pope during his November 1994 visit to the Philippines. 7 This information was revealed in recently disclosed discussions between Mr. Yousef, the FBI and the Secret Service. 17
Page 1 and 2: The Defense Science Board 1997 Summ
Page 3 and 4: OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Page 5 and 6: 1997 DSB SUMMER STUDY DoD Responses
Page 7 and 8: VOLUME II - FORCE PROTECTION PREFAC
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE The Defense Science Board h
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the change i
Page 13 and 14: to accomplish. An enhanced force pr
Page 15 and 16: crucial and thus the task force end
Page 17: CHAPTER 1. Setting the Stage “Thi
Page 20 and 21: At the request of the Chairman, Joi
Page 22 and 23: iological agents. Others involve ch
Page 24 and 25: In summary, DoD has many unique cap
Page 27: CHAPTER 2. Organizing a DoD Respons
Page 30 and 31: Further, they demonstrate that the
Page 34 and 35: Whether the successful execution of
Page 36 and 37: area hospitals. While no injuries o
Page 38 and 39: Major Military Conflicts Major Tran
Page 40 and 41: ability to project its forces abroa
Page 42 and 43: The Task Force recommends an initia
Page 44 and 45: Figure 11 shows the spectrum of new
Page 46 and 47: No New Organizations DoD can and sh
Page 48 and 49: Structuring the Operational and Tec
Page 51: CHAPTER 3. Technical Challenges “
Page 54 and 55: antibodies that might point to the
Page 56 and 57: Although it is important to continu
Page 58 and 59: detonated in a city, at a military
Page 60 and 61: headlines. With their often greater
Page 62 and 63: The Department of Energy, the Assis
Page 64 and 65: Union’s chemical and biological w
Page 66 and 67: among many users and suppliers to t
Page 68 and 69: The intended effects of an informat
Page 70 and 71: DoD must build the capability to im
Page 73: CHAPTER 4. Summary of Recommendatio
Page 76 and 77: − Define and develop an expanded
Page 78 and 79: THE UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 30 1
Page 80 and 81: ANNEX B. Task Force Organization an
Page 82 and 83:
Task Force Membership Chair/Vice-Ch
Page 84 and 85:
DoD Response Capabilities & Options
Page 86 and 87:
ANNEX C: Policy and Technology Reco
Page 88 and 89:
will facilitate development of sear
Page 90 and 91:
2. The Secretary of Defense should
Page 92 and 93:
• Assign the military services re
Page 94 and 95:
• The Department of Energy’s na
Page 96 and 97:
• DoD should continue, under Nunn
Page 98 and 99:
violet searchlights” might be use
Page 100 and 101:
implement defense information warfa
Page 102 and 103:
ANNEX D: Summary of Laws and Execut
Page 104 and 105:
In emergency situations, several ex
Page 106 and 107:
protection and training, for physic
Page 108:
6. Defense Against Weapons of Mass
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DoD Responses to Transnational Threats - The Black Vault

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