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Noctuidae: Spodopotera Chapter 8. Pathways Chapter 8. Pathways Introduction Commerce Natural Travel Countries of origin Destinations Since 1985, interceptions of spodoptera have been reported over 1,759 times on fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and other plants and on more than 230 taxa. Interceptions identified as S. littoralis have been reported 65 times, and interceptions identified as S. litura have been reported 279 times. S. littoralis and S. litura present the greatest approach risk. For the same period, S. exempta was intercepted four times, S. mauritia was intercepted 13 times, and S. pectin was intercepted 14 times (USDA Port Identification Network Database 2003). Commerce appears to be the most likely pathway for introduction of spodoptera. The majority of interceptions have been associated with permit cargo (62%) and general cargo (22%). The lifestyle of exotic spodoptera precludes natural spread through wind, attachment to or transport by another organism or through other natural means. For example, the risk of introduction of S. littoralis through natural means is low since eggs are attached to lower regions of plants, the larvae hide in the soil when not feeding, and pupation occurs in the soil. One exotic species, S. exempta, has demonstrated only weak migratory abilities (often facilitated by wind currents). International airline passengers accounted for 16% of interceptions. The majority of S. littoralis were intercepted in permit cargo flowers from Israel. Interceptions of S. litura predominate in orchids entering as permit cargo. S. littoralis has been intercepted at 49 international ports of entry, including ports in Hawaii. The majority of interceptions were reported from JFK 42
Noctuidae: Spodopotera Chapter 8. Pathways International airport (52%), Honolulu (17%), Miami (8%), Los Angeles (5%), Houston (2%), Atlanta (2%), and San Francisco (2%). S. litura has been intercepted at 49 international ports of entry, including ports in Hawaii. The majority of interceptions have been reported from JFK International airport (47%), Honolulu (17%), Los Angeles (9%), Miami (8%), Houston (2%), and San Francisco (2%). Cargo or passengers were destined for 34 states (including the District of Colombia). The most commonly reported destinations were <strong>New</strong> York (45%), California (21%), Florida (10%), Hawaii (4%), Texas (4%), <strong>New</strong> Jersey (3%), Pennsylvania (2%), Washington (2%), Georgia (2%), and Massachusetts (2%). Many of the areas are likely to provide a suitable climate, in terms of temperature and moisture. Because of its very broad host range, this genus is likely to find a suitable host. 43
Page 1 and 2: United States Department of Agricul
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Page 55 and 56: Noctuidae: Spodopotera Chapter 10.
Page 71 and 72: Noctuidae: Spodopotera Appendix A.
Page 79 and 80: Noctuidae: Spodopotera Appendix B.
Page 81 and 82: PEST DATA HOST DATA PURPOSE SENDER

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