New Pest Response Guidelines - Phytosanitary Resources

Noctuidae: Spodopotera
Chapter 11. References
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Sneh B. and Gross, S. 1983. Biological control of the Egyptian leafworm Spodoptera
littoralis in cotton and alfalfa fields using a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis spp.,
supplemented with adjuvants.
Sneh, B., Schuster, S., and Gross, S. 1983. Improvement of the insecticidal activity of
Bacillus thuringiensis var. entomocidus on larvae of Spodoptera littoralis by addition of
a chitinolytic bacteria, a phagostimulant, and a UV-protectant. Z. Ang. Ent. 96:77-83.
Sobelha, A.M.K., Zidan, Z.H., Mahmoud, F.A., and Tantawy, S. 1981. Residual influence of
dimilin and bactospaine on the bio-efficacy of certain synthetic pyrethroids against the
cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt, Econ. Ser. 12:165-170.
Stibick, J. N. L. 1991. Genus Spodoptera exotic to North America. Emergency Programs
Manual. Action plan. USDA/APHIS/PPQ.
Syme, P. D. 1961. The morphology of lepidopterous eggs, with descriptions of two hundred
and forty eight species. University of Toronto. Phd. thesis.
Symmons, P.M. 1978. A model simulating mating behavior of Spodoptera littoralis. J. Appl.
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Tashiro, H., Murdoch, C.L., and Mitchell, V.C. 1983. Development of a survey technique for
larvae of the grass webworm and other lepidopterous species in turf grass. Env. Ent.
12:1428-1432.
Todd, E. L. and R. W. Poole. 1980. Keys and illustrations for the armyworm moths of the
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Topper, G., et al. 1984. Field trials with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Spodoptera
littoralis on cotton in Egypt. Tropical Pest Management 30(4):372-378.
USDA/APHIS/PPQ. 1982. Rice cutworm Spodoptera litura (F.) not known to occur in the
U.S. or of limited distribution. 24:8 pp.
USDA/APHIS/PPQ. 1986. Pest Recognition Sheets. Exotic Pheromone Trapping Program.
U.S. Government Printing Office. 8 pp.
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