of gram-positive bacteria to macrolides was noted, but also the resistance of gram-negative bacteria to aminoglycosides, penicillins and cephalosporines. Conclusions Since Serbia is not an active member of EARSS (European Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System), knowing the local resistance can considerably affect a modality of empirical therapy. 38
Pneumococcal bacteriemia in adults with community-acquired pneumonia Katja Adamiœ, Mateja Polajnar, Franc Øifrer, Viktorija Tomiœ University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Complications of CAP are pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess and metastatic infection in patients with bacteremia. Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis. To establish SP as an aetiologic agent of CAP cultivation and isolation of the bacterium from patients’ blood cultures (BC) and respiratory specimens should be performed. Also detection of the pneumococcal antigen (Ag-SP) in urine samples can be used. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of hospital records of patients with pneumococcal bacteremia admitted to University Clinic Golnik between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2009. We collected demographic data, signs and symptoms on admission, laboratory results (C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood count (WBC), urea, creatinine, etc), microbiological testing results, smoking habits, associated diseases, antibiotic therapy, use of steroids, vaccination status. Results Pneumonia with pneumococcal bacteremia was observed in 139 patients (79 men and 60 women), mean age was 66 years (range 19 to 95 years). Seventy-five percent of patients had at least one associated chronic disease, mainly hypertension (43%), diabetes type 2 (24%) and COPD (20%). Eighteen patients had associated malignant diseases and 2 had confirmed HIV infection. Twelve percent were alcohol dependent, 26% active smokers, 22% former smokers. Fourteen percent of patients were receiving inhaled or systemic steroids. No patient had documented information on vaccination against SP, one patient was advised vaccination at discharge. Most commonly reported sings and symptoms at admission were cough, dispnea, chest pain, fever and chills with 8% of patients having haemoptysis. Sixty-three percent of patients were hypoxemic and 25% were hypotensive. Average admission values of laboratory tests were CRP 260mg/L, WBC 14x10 9 /L (less than 4.0x109/L in 12 patients), haemoglobin (Hb) 124g/L, glucose 8.2 mmol/L, urea 11.3 mmol/L, creatinine 125 µmol/L. In 10% of patients SP was isolated from sputum, in 9% urine Ag-SP was positive. In 14% of patients pleural effusion was present (empyema in 5 patients). As empirical antibiotic treatment 51% of patients received amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, 7% received co-amoxiclav and macrolide, 4% penicillin and 17% respiratory quinolones. In 30% of patients the empiric antibiotic treatment was changed to penicillin on account of microbiological results. Twenty-three percent of patients needed haemo- 39