2008 Statewide Strategic Plan for Eurasian Watermilfoil in Idaho

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watermilfoil; the midge (Crictopus myriophylii) and the moth (Acentria nivea), but neither is considered operational. Many states regulate the use and transport of these agents, and state authorities should be contacted before introduction or augmentations are conducted. 3. Grass Carp Another type of biological control uses general agents such as grass carp (Figure 15, Ctenopharyngodon idella) to manage problem plants. A sterile, triploid variety of grass carp can be produced. Unlike classical biocontrol agents, these fish are not host specific. Although sterile triploid grass carp will eat Eurasian watermilfoil, it is not a highly Figure 16. Grass carp palatable or preferred food species. To achieve control of Eurasian watermilfoil, more palatable native aquatic species are generally consumed before the grass carp will eat Eurasian watermilfoil. In situations where Eurasian watermilfoil is the only aquatic plant species in the lake, this may be acceptable. Grass carp should not be released into open water systems in which they cannot be contained. Also once released, triploid grass carp have proven extremely difficult to remove from a water body. 4. Pathogens Interest in pathogens of Eurasian watermilfoil was stimulated by extensive mortality of Eurasian watermilfoil in Lake Venice and the Northeast River, Maryland in the late 1960s. At that time, the declines (called Northeast Disease) were suspected to be caused by a pathogen, although no pathogens were ever isolated. However, Northeast Disease stimulated research into the use of plant pathogens for biological control. The plant pathogenic fungus Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (sometimes called “Mt”) has been shown to significantly reduce Eurasian watermilfoil biomass in laboratory studies. A commercial biotechnology firm spent several years developing this fungus as a biological tool to control Eurasian watermilfoil, but has been unable to achieve control of the plant in field settings to date. Research is continuing to integrate Mt with various herbicides to control Eurasian watermilfoil and hydrilla. F. Chemical Controls Herbicides currently used for the management of Eurasian watermilfoil, as well as information on various commercial formulations are shown in Appendix 2. Since Eurasian watermilfoil is a dicot it can be controlled using selective herbicides that specifically target this group. Effective broad spectrum chemicals are also available for this species. Chemical control can provide short- to long-term control, and is often appropriate for immediate use on small pioneer infestations, with additional potential for use on larger scale or whole-lake infestations where deemed necessary. Since herbicides often are used to treat the entire water column, it is important to assess the water volume prior to treatments. Also, likely 33
sources of dilution need to be investigated such as stream flow, springs, wind and wave action, etc. Figure 17. Herbicide application equipment Many criteria and evaluations are used to select an appropriate herbicide suited to sitespecific and environmental conditions at the time of application. Specific herbicide guidelines and information to consider are provided in Appendix 2 of this document. Because the labels from which this information was summarized can change, the most current herbicide label should always be reviewed for conditions or restrictions before use. It should also be noted that changes in labeling can result in the addition of available aquatically-labeled products. As these products become available, they will be incorporated into these recommendations, as appropriate. Please refer to www.epa.gov website for more information on the federal herbicide registration process for aquatic use herbicides. Note: The use of trade names is for clarity for the reader. Inclusion of a trade name does not imply endorsement of that particular brand of herbicide and exclusion does not imply non-approval. It is the responsibility of the applicator to read and follow the label directions. It is a violation of State and Federal law to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. 1. 2,4-D There are two formulations of 2,4-D approved for aquatic use. The granular formulation contains the low-volatile butoxy-ethyl-ester formulation of 2,4-D (Trade names include: AquaKleen® and Navigate®). The liquid formulation contains the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D (Trade name - DMA*4IVM). 2,4-D is a relatively fastacting, systemic, selective herbicide used for the control of Eurasian watermilfoil and other broad-leaved species. Granular formulations are applied where dilution or dissipation may be a concern, but may not be suitable in flocculent or thick organic sediments. Both the granular and liquid formulations can be effective for spot treatments of Eurasian watermilfoil. 2,4-D has been shown to be selective in controlling Eurasian watermilfoil when used at the labeled rate, leaving native aquatic grass species relatively unaffected. Sites suitable for treatment include water bodies partially infested with Eurasian watermilfoil and water bodies where Eurasian watermilfoil has recently invaded, but where the extent of the infestation is beyond what can be removed by hand 34
Page 1 and 2: 2008 STATEWIDE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR E
Page 3 and 4: A Statewide Strategic Plan for Eura
Page 5 and 6: I. Introduction In April 2006 the I
Page 7 and 8: V. Idaho Eurasian Watermilfoil Peer
Page 9 and 10: and contractor oversight to effecti
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3. Eurasian watermilfoil sur
Page 13 and 14: • Task 3: Establish appropriate m
Page 15 and 16: appear first. Eastern Idaho should
Page 17 and 18: B. Description A number of milfoil
Page 19 and 20: and boating activities, with each f
Page 21 and 22: the state. The highest priority wee
Page 23 and 24: and provides assistance to cooperat
Page 25 and 26: the boat with a GPS to the predeter
Page 27 and 28: IX. Eurasian Watermilfoil Managemen
Page 29 and 30: Bottom barriers are appropriate in
Page 31 and 32: emaining root masses. Duration of c
Page 33: Search for a classical biological c
Page 37 and 38: 3. Fluridone Fluridone (Trade names
Page 39 and 40: X. Current Eurasian Watermilfoil Ma
Page 41 and 42: 2007 Total project cost: $19,400 IS
Page 43 and 44: 2007 Total project cost: $82,660 IS
Page 45 and 46: C. Effect of sediment on efficacy o
Page 47 and 48: scientists and weevils could easily
Page 49 and 50: Surveys for pathogens were restrict
Page 51 and 52: Creed Jr., R.P. and S.P. Sheldon. 1
Page 53 and 54: Komarov, V.L. 1929. Flora poluostro
Page 55 and 56: Moody, M.L., Les, D.H. in Press. Di
Page 57 and 58: Westerdahl, H.E. and K.D. Getsinger
Page 59 and 60: as transparent and publicly availab
Page 61 and 62: to amend if they require legal revi
Page 63 and 64: Recommendation 2.3: Program intent
Page 65 and 66: Excessive uncontrolled growth of aq
Page 67 and 68: species or the reduction of their p
Page 69 and 70: Some or many of these techniques ar
Page 71 and 72: ISDA Response: Given that ISDA does
Page 73 and 74: expertise found in warmer climates.
Page 75 and 76: umors and public fear of management
Page 77 and 78: Option How it Works Pros Cons Suita
Page 83 and 84: Costs include estimated raw materia
Page 85:
Office Visits Quantity What is the
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2008 Statewide Strategic Plan for Eurasian Watermilfoil in Idaho

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