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Zdravlje žena
Women’s Health
Hajrija Mujović-Zornić
Položaj žena sa aspekta zaštite njihovog zdravlja nije u
dovoljnoj meri bio predmet interesovanja u Srbiji. Promovisanje,
unapređenje i zaštita zdravlja žena zacrtani su još od ranije
kao značajni ciljevi zdravstvene politike prema ženama, ali
svakodnevna medicinska praksa i pozitivna zakonska rešenja iz
ove oblasti svedoče o određenim
manjkavostima. Naročito se
pokazuje potreba preispitivanja i
redefinisanja zdravstvene politike
imajući u vidu širi kontekst gde
postoje aktuelna “granična”
pitanja zdravlja, kakva su
pitanja povezana sa odnosima
u porodici, socijalnim statusom
žene, radno-ekonomskim
aktivnostima, kao i rodno (po
polu) uočene razlike u pristupu
zdravstvenoj zaštiti žena. Samim
tim zdravstvena politika bi dobila
mogućnost mnogo realističnijeg i
životnijeg pristupa u oblikovanju
i sprovođenju svojih ciljeva.
Otvaranje značajnih
pitanja o zdravstvenoj politici
prema zdravlju žena, međutim,
znači i više od toga. Naime, time
se dolazi bliže odgovoru kakva je
stvarna i efektivna zdravstvena zaštita žena u Srbiji danas, koje
su njene dobre a koje loše strane, kako je žena tu pozicionirana,
odnosno kakav je pravni položaj žene kao subjekta zdravstvene
zaštite u jednom takvom sistemu. Osnovni pokazatelji tog
položaja svakako jesu: stanje zdravlja ženske populacije,
rad zdravstvenih službi i stepen uređenosti i poštovanja
prava iz oblasti zdravlja. Kroz ove odrednice sagledava se i
implementacija ciljeva zdravstvene politike u svakodnevnoj
medicinskoj praksi.
Iako žene čine 51,4% ukupne populacije Srbije, a istovremeno
većinu zaposlenih u zdravstvu čine žene, zdravstvena zaštita
žena nije uvek adekvatna u pogledu organizacije, metoda rada
i pristupa službama. Zaštita je više orijentisana na lečenje a
zanemareni su prevencija oboljenja i stanja i promocija zdravlja.
Postoji nedostatak rodno senzitivnih istraživanja za praćenje
zdravlja, ali i nedostatak vođenja istih takvih statističkih
podataka, posebno podataka iz rutinske zdravstvene statistike za
evidenciju korišćenja usluga zdravstvenih službi. Kada je reč o
stanju zdravlja žena, značajni faktori uticaja su: - demografski,
gde se posebno posmatra starenje žena, stopa smrtnosti i
broj živorođenih po polu; - promene u porodičnom životu; -
obrazovanje žena; - opterećenje faktorima rizika oboljevanja;
- nasilje nad ženama. Posebni problemi se javljaju kod žena
Romkinja i socijalno ugroženih žena kako u pogledu pristupa
zdravstvenoj zaštiti, tako i sagledavanju njihovih zdravstvenih
potreba.
U prošlosti zdravstvena zaštita žena se tradicionalno vezivala
samo za reproduktivnu medicinu. Danas je pristup mnogo širi
a veliki uticaj ima rodni pristup, koji uvažava polne razlike i
ravnopravnost. Svetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) je
kroz svoje analize zauzela takođe određene stavove: - bolesti
Hajrija Mujović-Zornić
The position of women from the aspect of health protection
is not attributed sufficient interest in Serbia. Promotion and
protection of women’s health have been previously postulated
as important goals of health care policies for women,
however, daily medical practice and legal solutions in this field
demonstrate certain shortcomings. There is
a very evident requirement to review and
redefine the health care policy in view of the
broader context when current “borderline”
health issues exist that are connected to
family relationships, the social status of
women, their work-economic activties,
as well as to gender differences in the
approach to health care for women. This
would result in a much more realistic and a
closer to life approach to the designing and
implementation of health care goals.
The initiating of important issues of
health care policy pertaining to women’s
health, however, means more than this.
Namely, it brings us closer to the answer
of what is in fact the acctual and effective
health protection for women in Serbia today,
what are its good and its bad sides, how the
woman is positioned within this concept, i.e.
what is the real position of the woman as a
subject of healt care within such a system.
Basic indicators of this position are by all means: the health
status of the female population, activities of health care services,
and the level of regulation and respect of rights to health care.
These parameters offer an insight into the implementation of
goals of health care policies in daily medical practice.
Even though 51.4% of the population of Serbia are women,
who are also the majority of employeees in health care,
women’s health care is not always adequate from the aspect
of organization, methods of work, and accessibility of services.
Protection is more channeled toward treatment, while prevention
of diseases and various states, and promotion of health are
neglected. There is a lack of gender sensitive research to monitor
health, as well as lack of registration of such statistical data,
especially data from routine health statistics pertaining to use of
health care services. Factors important for women’s health are:
- demographic, with special emphasis on the aging of women,
mortality, and number of liveborn infants by sex; - changes
pertaining to family life; - education of women; - burden of
disease risk factors; - violence against women. Special problems
appear in Roma women, and in women who are socially
vulnerable, both when it comes to access to healthcare and to the
assessment of their health care needs.
In the past, health care for women was traditionally connected
only to reproductive medicine. Today, the approach is much
broader, with a significant influence of the gender approach,
which takes into consideration gender differences and gender
equality. In its analyses, the World Health Organization (WHO)
has also adopted certain views: - diseases are not manifested
in the same manner in women and in men; - certain diseases
are exclusive to women; - diseases in women often demand
a different approach to diagnosis and treatment than in men;
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