Washington, 40 DC, USA Chapter name goes here
Urban Inequity in Wealthy Countries In more developed countries, as in less developed countries, it is the poo<strong>res</strong>t, most marginalized children who suffer the most in cities and continue to die in the greatest numbers. While child deaths are much less common in wealthy countries than in developing countries, there remain striking differences in death rates between the richest and the poo<strong>res</strong>t children in cities throughout the industrialized world. In some United States cities, urban child survival gaps between rich and poor are greater than those found in developing countries. In measuring child mortality in the industrialized world, most countries focus on infant mortality – deaths of children in the first year of life. This is because relatively few children in wealthy countries die after their first birthday from diseases such as pneumonia, malaria and diarrhea, which continue to kill young children in large numbers in developing countries. Complications from prematurity account for a large percentage of infant deaths in wealthy countries – these are babies being born too soon or too small. While infant deaths in most major industrialized cities surveyed outside the United States were be<strong>low</strong> 5 deaths per 1,000 live births, our <strong>res</strong>earch also found significant gaps between babies born to wealthy, well-educated urban mothers and those born to poor, less-educated mothers. Save the Children found examples of significant urban inequities in cities in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia and Europe. Here are some of the most compelling findings: United States: Cites in the United States have some of the highest urban infant mortality rates in high-income countries. Save the Children examined infant mortality in capital cities of wealthy (OECD) countries and found that Washington, DC had by far the highest infant mortality rate among the 25 capital cities (see chart on page 45). In 2012, the District of Columbia had an infant mortality rate of 7.9 deaths per 1,000 live births as compared to Stockholm (Sweden) or Oslo (Norway) with infant mortality rates at or be<strong>low</strong> 2.0. Late last year, DC officials released preliminary figu<strong>res</strong> for 2013 indicating a sharp decline in the city’s infant mortality rate to 6.6 deaths per 1,000 live births. 129 This rate, which rep<strong>res</strong>ents an all-time <strong>low</strong> for Washington, DC is still higher than any of the capital cities outside the U.S. surveyed and remains above the U.S. national average of 6.1. Many major U.S. cities have even higher infant mortality rates than Washington, DC in recent years. In 2011, Cleveland and Detroit <strong>report</strong>ed infant mortality rates of 14.1 and 12.4, <strong>res</strong>pectively. Eight other cities had death rates at or above 8.9 in 2011 (see table on page 42). A Detroit News investigation last year found that a majority of deaths among Detroit children under 5 occurred during the first year of life. Infant deaths accounted for 130 of the 208 Detroit children who died before the age of 5 in 2011. Prematurity was cited as the leading killer of Detroit babies. Other factors contributing to infant deaths included pervasive poverty, young and uninformed mothers and poor prenatal care. 130 Race is also a factor. In many U.S. cities, poor, unmarried and young African-American mothers are losing their babies at much higher rates than the U.S. average of 6.1 deaths per 1,000 live births. In San Francisco, an African- American mother is 6 times as likely as a white Oslo, Norway STATE OF THE WORLD’S MOTHERS <strong>2015</strong> 41
- Page 1 and 2: The Urban Disadvantage STATE OF THE
- Page 3 and 4: The Urban Disadvantage Save the Chi
- Page 5 and 6: Introduction Save the Children work
- Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary: Key Findings and
- Page 9 and 10: Urban and Unequal In cities around
- Page 11 and 12: increases more quickly in urban tha
- Page 13 and 14: Global Trends in Child Survival and
- Page 15 and 16: 1 in 3 City Residents in Developing
- Page 17 and 18: High Risk of Death for the Poorest
- Page 19 and 20: Unequal Life Chances for the Urban
- Page 21 and 22: Manila, Philippines treatment and d
- Page 23 and 24: A nurse in the capital of the Democ
- Page 25 and 26: Urban Health Fairness Assessment Sa
- Page 27 and 28: City Health Care Equity Ranking RAN
- Page 29 and 30: Blantyre, Malawi Progress, But Not
- Page 31 and 32: Saving Lives in Slums What is worki
- Page 33 and 34: Cairo, Egypt The facts: Cairo has a
- Page 35 and 36: Manila, Philippines The facts: Metr
- Page 37 and 38: irth attendants are more affordable
- Page 39 and 40: Guatemala City, Guatemala women of
- Page 41: In Cambodia overall, there is a ver
- Page 45 and 46: How Stockholm Battled Inequity and
- Page 47 and 48: Infant Death Rates in 25 High-Incom
- Page 49 and 50: Take Action Now for the Urban Poor
- Page 51 and 52: Northern Nigeria d. The final post
- Page 53 and 54: Different Patterns of Inequality Re
- Page 55 and 56: addressing sufficient living space,
- Page 57 and 58: Appendix: The 2015 Mothers’ Index
- Page 59 and 60: What the Numbers Don’t Tell You T
- Page 61 and 62: Frequently Asked Questions about th
- Page 63 and 64: The Complete Mothers' Index 2015 MA
- Page 65 and 66: The Complete Mothers' Index 2015 (C
- Page 67 and 68: Methodology and Research Notes The
- Page 69 and 70: Intra-urban mortality data by wealt
- Page 71 and 72: New Zealand; KIDS COUNT (USA). Nati
- Page 73 and 74: tive of these regions as a whole. F
- Page 75 and 76: and ICF International. Egypt Demogr
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- Page 79 and 80: Page 29 - Caroline Trutmann Ethiopi