sowm_2015__int__africa_full_report_low_res

145 Burström, Bo, Lisa Oberg and
Lars Smedman. “Policy Measures
and the Survival of Foster Infants in
Stockholm 1878-1925.” The European
Journal of Public Health. 22(1).
February 2011. pp. 56-60
146 Burström B. “Social Differentials in
the Decline of Infant Mortality in
Sweden in the Twentieth Century:
The Impact of Politics and Policy.”
International Journal of Health Services.
33(4). 2003. pp.723-741
147 Anell, Anders, Anna Glenngård and
Sherry Merkur. “Sweden: Health
System Review.” Health Systems in
Transition. 14(5). 2012. pp.1-159
148 Whitehead, Margaret and Goran
Dahlgren. Concepts and Principles
for Tackling Social Inequities in
Health: Leveling up Part 1. (WHO
Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen,
2006)
149 Data are for the area of wards
in Tokyo and are based on fewer
than 50 observations, so should be
interpreted with caution. Perinatal
mortality rates are: 18.9 among
mothers in transportation, cleaning,
and packing; 3.8 for those in
clerical jobs and 1.3 among those in
management and supervisory jobs
as well as those with specialized/
technical jobs. Source: Japan
Statistics Bureau. Vital Statistics of
Japan. Table 2-2, FY2010 (Released
on Mar. 6, 2013)
150 Japan Statistics Bureau. Vital
Statistics of Japan, Volume 1, Infant
Mortality. Table 6.9: Infant deaths,
infant mortality rates (per 1,000
live births) and percent distribution
by type of occupation of household,
2013
151 Data for the “Auckland region” are
for the Auckland District Health
Board (DHB), Waitemata DHB
and Counties Manukau DBH taken
together. Source: New Zealand
Ministry of Health. Fetal and Infant
Deaths 2011, Table 24
152 Garcia-Subirats, Irene, Glòria Pérez,
Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, Dolores
Ruiz Muñoz and Joaquín Salvador.
“Neighborhood Inequalities in
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in an
Urban Setting in Spain: A Multilevel
Approach.” Journal of Urban
Health : Bulletin of the New York
Academy of Medicine. 89(3). 2012.
pp.447-463
153 Eurostat, City Statistics Illustrated.
Available: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/
cache/RSI/#?vis=city.statistics (Accessed
April 6, 2015)
154 Bollini, Paola, Philippe Wanner
and Sandro Pampallona. “Trends in
Maternal Mortality in Switzerland
Among Swiss and Foreign Nationals,
1969-2006.” International Journal of
Public Health. 56(5). October 2011.
pp. 515-521.
155 Save the Children. Lives on the Line:
An Agenda for Ending Preventable
Child Deaths. (London: 2013) p.5
156 IGME. Levels and Trends in Child
Mortality. 2013
157 WHO. Global Health Observatory
(GHO) data. Under-5 mortality.
www.who.int/gho/urban_health/
outcomes/under_five_mortality_text/en/
158 There is no established convention
for the designation of “developed”
and “developing” countries or areas
in the United Nations system. In
common practice, however, Japan
in Asia, Canada and the United
States in northern America, Australia
and New Zealand in Oceania,
and countries in Europe are
considered “developed” regions.
See: mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.
aspx?Content=Data/Regional/developed.htm
159 Humanitarian crises are taking
place in Chad, Central African
Republic, Gambia, Mali, Niger, DR
Congo, Sierra Leone and Somalia.
The situation in Haiti is also of
concern. See: ACAPS. Global Emergency
Overview: Snapshot 15-21April
2015. (April 2015) http://geo.acaps.
org/ (Accessed April 25, 2015)
160 Calculations are based on prevailing
rates of fertility (UNFPA. State of
World Population 2014) and under-5
mortality (IGME, 2014).
161 UNICEF Somalia and Somaliland
Ministry of Planning and National
Development. Somaliland Multiple
Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Final
Report. (Nairobi, Kenya: 2014)
162 World Bank. Harmonized List
of Fragile Situations FY15. www.
worldbank.org/content/dam/
Worldbank/document/FY15%20
Fragile%20states%20list.pdf
163 UN IGME. Levels & Trends in
Child Mortality: Report 2014.
164 WHO. Trends in Maternal Mortality:
1990 to 2013.
165 UN IGME. Levels & Trends in
Child Mortality: Report 2014.
STATE OF THE WORLD’S MOTHERS 2015 75