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Station Layout 17 Fig. 2.6. Different categories of passengers on a concourse. Fig. 2.7. Passenger movement on a platform during ‘dwell time’.
18 Practical Railway Engineering passengers but can also be potentially dangerous to passengers getting off crowded escalators on the approach to barriers. Recent experience has shown that the critical dimensions for ticket offices are determined by the number of ticket gates required for the peak flow coupled with the number of ticket selling points required along the other axis. If automatic ticket barriers are used then it is essential that an adequate number of gates is provided to cater for the expected passenger levels, both in and out. Automatic ticket checking gates should be specified to allow a throughput of at least 25 people per minute and it is considered prudent to allow for 10% of gates to be out of service. The calculation should be based on the five-minute flows plus 20 passengers. In many locations there is a ‘tidal flow’ tendency, particularly at outer area suburban stations, between morning and evening peaks. In such places at least half of the gates should be reversible to allow for this. The desirable overhead clearance in all ticket halls should not be less than 3 metres under suspended ceilings. Where this is structurally impossible at all points a reduction in clear height to an absolute minimum of 2.4 metres may be acceptable. 2.10 Access and Interchange By applying the various pedestrian planning parameters to the relevant demand figures it is then possible to determine sizes of passageways, staircases and escalators. These must be supplemented, however, by extra space provision which recognises the inefficiencies in its usage in practice. These include the following: • Edge Effects Passengers have a tendency not to make use of the full width available. People tend to keep a distance of at least 0.5 metres from the side wall. Thus passageway widths derived from flows need to have addition for edge effects, as do platforms. • Hesitation and Decision Points It is also observed that passengers will often stop or hesitate when making a transition between one station element and the next while they decide what to do next. This hesitation may hinder other passengers behind them.
Page 2 and 3: PRACTICAL RAILWAY ENGINEERING 2nd E
Page 4 and 5: PRACTICAL RAILWAY ENGINEERING 2nd E
Page 6 and 7: This book is dedicated to my wife J
Page 8 and 9: Foreword In the new millennium, the
Page 10 and 11: Preface The need for this textbook
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements The author wishes
Page 14 and 15: Contents Foreword Preface Acknowled
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv 5. Track 57 5.1 The ori
Page 18 and 19: Contents xvii 9.10 AC power distrib
Page 20 and 21: List of Figures 1.1 Early railway c
Page 22 and 23: List of Figures xxi 8.2 Modern soft
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Early Be
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 3 arrive safely at the
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 5 Before adopting any
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2 Station Layout 2.1 The Cu
Page 32 and 33: Station Layout 9 selected locations
Page 34 and 35: Station Layout 11 • Areas where p
Page 36 and 37: Station Layout 13 Fig. 2.4. Congest
Page 38 and 39: Station Layout 15 2.8 Capacity Requ
Page 42 and 43: Station Layout 19 An additional 0.3
Page 44 and 45: Station Layout 21 The width of plat
Page 46 and 47: Station Layout 23 temporarily unabl
Page 48 and 49: Station Layout 25 2.17 Planning for
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 3 Rolling Stock 3.1 The Def
Page 52 and 53: Rolling Stock 29 • Metro cars (us
Page 54 and 55: Rolling Stock 31 ‘atmospheric’
Page 56 and 57: Rolling Stock 33 Fig. 3.4. An early
Page 58 and 59: Rolling Stock 35 3.6 Diesel Tractio
Page 60 and 61: Rolling Stock 37 In many cases the
Page 62 and 63: Rolling Stock 39 Fig. 3.9. Diesel m
Page 64 and 65: Rolling Stock 41 These rolling stoc
Page 66 and 67: Rolling Stock 43 this extra proport
Page 68 and 69: Rolling Stock 45 Specialised vehicl
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 4 Depots and Workshops 4.1
Page 72 and 73: Depots and Workshops 49 • climati
Page 74 and 75: Depots and Workshops 51 Fig. 4.1. D
Page 76 and 77: Depots and Workshops 53 Fig. 4.3. L
Page 78 and 79: Depots and Workshops 55 In applying
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 5 Track 5.1 The Origin and
Page 82 and 83: Track 59 The ‘Trackbed’ compris
Page 84 and 85: Track 61 • Insulate rails electri
Page 86 and 87: Track 63 Fig. 5.4. Prestressed conc
Page 88 and 89: Track 65 countries throughout the w
Page 90 and 91:
Track 67 Fig. 5.6. The Pandrol clip
Page 92 and 93:
Track 69 On curves careful periodic
Page 94 and 95:
Track 71 the earlier shop riveting
Page 96 and 97:
Track 73 Fig. 5.8. A crossover layo
Page 98 and 99:
Track 75 5.19 Crossing Design and M
Page 100 and 101:
Track 77 Fig. 5.9. Components of po
Page 102 and 103:
Track 79 them. In this case, holes
Page 104 and 105:
Track 81 Activities of others along
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 6 Earthworks, Drainage and
Page 108 and 109:
Earthworks, Drainage and Fencing 85
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 7 Bridges and Structures 7.
Page 120 and 121:
Bridges and Structures 97 Fig. 7.3.
Page 122 and 123:
Bridges and Structures 99 and the m
Page 124 and 125:
Bridges and Structures 101 Hennebiq
Page 126 and 127:
Bridges and Structures 103 Fig. 7.7
Page 128 and 129:
Bridges and Structures 105 reconstr
Page 130 and 131:
Bridges and Structures 107 Fig. 7.1
Page 132 and 133:
Bridges and Structures 109 The aim
Page 134 and 135:
Bridges and Structures 111 Great Ge
Page 136 and 137:
Chapter 8 Tunnels and Tunnelling 8.
Page 138 and 139:
Tunnels and Tunnelling 115 the prob
Page 140 and 141:
Tunnels and Tunnelling 117 8.6 Cons
Page 142 and 143:
Tunnels and Tunnelling 119 Fig. 8.4
Page 144 and 145:
Chapter 9 Electrification 9.1 Elect
Page 146 and 147:
Electrification 123 used to control
Page 148 and 149:
Electrification 125 feeder circuit
Page 150 and 151:
Electrification 127 9.9 DC Low Volt
Page 152 and 153:
Electrification 129 position. Becau
Page 154 and 155:
Chapter 10 Signalling and Train Con
Page 156 and 157:
Signalling and Train Control 133 Th
Page 158 and 159:
Signalling and Train Control 135 Fi
Page 160 and 161:
Signalling and Train Control 137 tw
Page 162 and 163:
Signalling and Train Control 139 si
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Signalling and Train Control 145 At
Page 170 and 171:
Chapter 11 Systems and Communicatio
Page 172 and 173:
Systems and Communications 149 Fig.
Page 174 and 175:
Systems and Communications 151 Fig.
Page 176 and 177:
Systems and Communications 153 pass
Page 178 and 179:
Systems and Communications 155 inst
Page 180 and 181:
Systems and Communications 157 The
Page 182 and 183:
Chapter 12 Lifts, Escalators and Pu
Page 184 and 185:
Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 161 Bet
Page 186 and 187:
Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 163 Fig
Page 188 and 189:
Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 165 dri
Page 190 and 191:
Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 167 mov
Page 192 and 193:
Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 169 eve
Page 194 and 195:
Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 171 Sev
Page 196 and 197:
Chapter 13 Ventilation and Draught
Page 198 and 199:
Ventilation and Draught Relief 175
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Chapter 14 Future Trends 14.1 The E
Page 206 and 207:
Future Trends 183 14.2 The Trend To
Page 208 and 209:
Future Trends 185 Transfer to publi
Page 210 and 211:
Chapter 15 Conclusion 15.1 Retrospe
Page 212 and 213:
Subject Index A AC system, 123 acce
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