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Table 2 Classification of marine ferromanganese oxide deposits by form, processes of formation, and environment of formation; most common types in bold, from Hein et al. (1) Nodules Crusts Sedimenthosted stratabound layers and lenses Cements Mounds and Chimneys Hydrogenetic Hydrothermal Diagenetic Abyssal plains, oceanic plateaus, seamounts 1 Midplate volcanic edifices 2 --- Midplate volcanic edifices 4 --- Submerged calderas and fracture zones Active spreading axes, volcanic arcs, fracture zones, midplate edifices Active volcanic arcs, large midplate volcanic edifices, sediment-covered spreading axes Active volcanic arcs, large midplate volcanic edifices 5 Back-arc basins, spreading centers, volcanic arcs 1 Less common on ridges, continental slope and shelf; 2 Includes seamounts, guyots, ridges, plateaus; 3 Fe and Mn carbonate lenses and concretions; 4 Mostly fracture and vein fill, cement for volcanic breccia; 5 Mostly cement for breccia, sandstone and siltstone Abyssal plains, oceanic plateaus 42 International Seabed Authority --- Continental margins 3 Midplate volcanic edifices 4 Hydrogenetic and Hydrothermal Submerged calderas Active volcanic arcs, spreading axes, off axis seamounts, fracture zones --- --- --- Hydrogenetic and Diagenetic Abyssal plains, oceanic plateaus 1 Abyssal hills Midplate volcanic edifices 4 --- --- --- --- Replacement All areas (nodule nuclei) Midplate edifices (crust substrate rock) Continental margins, volcanic arcs, midplate edifices Volcanic arcs, midplate edifices
1.2. Distribution of Fe-Mn Crusts Fe-Mn crusts have been recovered from seamounts and ridges as far north as the Aleutian Trench in the Pacific and Iceland in the Atlantic and as far south as the Circum- Antarctic Ridge in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. However, the most detailed studies have concerned seamounts in the equatorial Pacific, mostly from the EEZ (200 nautical miles) of island nations including the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, as well as in the EEZ of the USA (Hawaii, Johnston Island), but also from international waters in the Mid-Pacific Mountains. Compared to the estimated 50,000 or so seamounts that occur in the Pacific, the Atlantic and Indian oceans contain fewer seamounts and most Fe-Mn crusts are associated with the spreading ridges. Crusts associated with those spreading ridges usually have a hydrothermal component that may be large near active venting, but which is regionally generally a small (
Page 2 and 3: Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and
Page 4 and 5: The designations employed and the p
Page 6 and 7: Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Depos
Page 8 and 9: Figure 1. Location of hydrothermal
Page 10 and 11: The first sulphide deposits reporte
Page 12 and 13: SEAWATER MASSIVE BLACK SMOKERS MAGM
Page 14 and 15: sulphide mounds commonly consist of
Page 16 and 17: asaltic crust at greenschist facies
Page 18 and 19: 50 tonnes of Au. A pilot mining tes
Page 20 and 21: samples represent the first known e
Page 22 and 23: Under those circumstances, massive
Page 24 and 25: 3°S New Hanover EL 1205 2557 sq km
Page 26 and 27: 9. PERSPECTIVE If further explorati
Page 28 and 29: 15. W.L. Plüger, P.M. Herzig, K.-P
Page 30 and 31: 40. J.C. Alt (1995), Sub-seafloor p
Page 32 and 33: 65. H.E. Mustafa, Z. Nawab, R. Horn
Page 34 and 35: Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts:
Page 36 and 37: over other metals because they are
Page 38 and 39: Table 1 Contents of manganese, iron
Page 42 and 43: the instability and mass wasting of
Page 44 and 45: ecovered from seamounts. Fe-Mn crus
Page 46 and 47: The first systematic investigation
Page 48 and 49: 50 International Seabed Authority
Page 50 and 51: - 1.04-2.17 - 1.44-2.92 - 0.78-2.74
Page 52 and 53: the crust surface. Growth rates wer
Page 54 and 55: Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts generally
Page 56 and 57: 58 International Seabed Authority
Page 58 and 59: Sn 5 10 -- 12 -- -- -- 12 3 5 6 --
Page 60 and 61: Figure 7. Shale (PAAS, Post-Archean
Page 62 and 63: Phosphatisation of the older Fe-Mn
Page 64 and 65: proximity to continental margins an
Page 66 and 67: ates. Elements that form carbonate
Page 68 and 69: 5. RESOURCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOM
Page 70 and 71: The Japan Resource Association 130
Page 72 and 73: Table 8. Value of metals in one met
Page 74 and 75: co-authors of that paper for their
Page 76 and 77: 20. N.S. Skornyakova (1960), Mangan
Page 78 and 79: 41. A.I. Svininnikov (1994), Physic
Page 80 and 81: Pacific, Marine Mining, 8, 245-266.
Page 82 and 83: M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67); E.H
Page 84 and 85: geochemistry and paleoceanographic
Page 86 and 87: Appendix 1.: Key to symbols in Tabl
Page 88 and 89: Technical Requirements for the Expl
Page 90 and 91:
2. EXPLORATION TOOLS AND SYSTEMS Ma
Page 92 and 93:
ROPOS (ROV) CSSF Canada 6,000 m JAS
Page 94 and 95:
6. PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES The phys
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ferromanganese crust mining is curr
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Impact of the Development of Polyme
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nature of the vent organisms, most
Page 102 and 103:
3.1 EPR Vent Ecosystems A schematic
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Different shrimp species occupy dif
Page 106 and 107:
5. RESPONSE TO PERTURBATIONS Recent
Page 108 and 109:
sites, where much of the ore body l
Page 110 and 111:
distribution will require more care
Page 112 and 113:
8. B. J. Burd and R.E. Thomson (199
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