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Appendix 1.: Key to symbols in Table 6 Element Name Element Name Fe Iron Se Selenium Mn Manganese Sn Tin Si Silicon Sr Strontium Na Sodium Te Tellurium Al Aluminium Tl Thallium K Potassium Th Thorium Mg Magnesium U Uranium Ca Calcium V Vanadium Ti Titanium W Tungsten P Phosphorus Y Yttrium S Sulphur Zn Zinc Cl Chlorine Zr Zirconium H2O + Structural water La Lanthanum* H2O - Hygroscopic water Ce Cerium CO2 Carbon dioxide Pr Praseodymium LOI Loss On Ignition Nd Neodymium Ag Silver Sm Samarium As Arsenic Eu Europium B Boron Gd Gadolinium Ba Barium Tb Terbium Be Beryllium Dy Dysprosium Bi Bismuth Ho Holmium Br Bromine Er Erbium Cd Cadmium Tm Thulium Co Cobalt Yb Ytterbium Cr Chromium Lu Lutetium Cu Copper Hg Mercury Ga Gallium Au Gold Hf Hafnium Ir Iridium Li Lithium Pd Palladium Mo Molybdenum Pt Platinum Nb Niobium Rh Rhodium Ni Nickel Ru Ruthenium Pb Lead Wt% Weight percent Rb Rubidium ppm Parts per million Sb Antimony ppb Parts per billion Sc Scandium * La through Lu are rare-earth elements (REEs); Ir through Ru are platinum-group elements (PGEs); ppm = grams per ton International Seabed Authority 89
Technical Requirements for the Exploration and Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts PM Herzig; S Petersen, Frieberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany MD Hannington, Geological Survey of Canada 90 International Seabed Authority
Page 2 and 3:
Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and
Page 4 and 5:
The designations employed and the p
Page 6 and 7:
Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Depos
Page 8 and 9:
Figure 1. Location of hydrothermal
Page 10 and 11:
The first sulphide deposits reporte
Page 12 and 13:
SEAWATER MASSIVE BLACK SMOKERS MAGM
Page 14 and 15:
sulphide mounds commonly consist of
Page 16 and 17:
asaltic crust at greenschist facies
Page 18 and 19:
50 tonnes of Au. A pilot mining tes
Page 20 and 21:
samples represent the first known e
Page 22 and 23:
Under those circumstances, massive
Page 24 and 25:
3°S New Hanover EL 1205 2557 sq km
Page 26 and 27:
9. PERSPECTIVE If further explorati
Page 28 and 29:
15. W.L. Plüger, P.M. Herzig, K.-P
Page 30 and 31:
40. J.C. Alt (1995), Sub-seafloor p
Page 32 and 33:
65. H.E. Mustafa, Z. Nawab, R. Horn
Page 34 and 35:
Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts:
Page 36 and 37: over other metals because they are
Page 38 and 39: Table 1 Contents of manganese, iron
Page 40 and 41: Table 2 Classification of marine fe
Page 42 and 43: the instability and mass wasting of
Page 44 and 45: ecovered from seamounts. Fe-Mn crus
Page 46 and 47: The first systematic investigation
Page 48 and 49: 50 International Seabed Authority
Page 50 and 51: - 1.04-2.17 - 1.44-2.92 - 0.78-2.74
Page 52 and 53: the crust surface. Growth rates wer
Page 54 and 55: Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts generally
Page 56 and 57: 58 International Seabed Authority
Page 58 and 59: Sn 5 10 -- 12 -- -- -- 12 3 5 6 --
Page 60 and 61: Figure 7. Shale (PAAS, Post-Archean
Page 62 and 63: Phosphatisation of the older Fe-Mn
Page 64 and 65: proximity to continental margins an
Page 66 and 67: ates. Elements that form carbonate
Page 68 and 69: 5. RESOURCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOM
Page 70 and 71: The Japan Resource Association 130
Page 72 and 73: Table 8. Value of metals in one met
Page 74 and 75: co-authors of that paper for their
Page 76 and 77: 20. N.S. Skornyakova (1960), Mangan
Page 78 and 79: 41. A.I. Svininnikov (1994), Physic
Page 80 and 81: Pacific, Marine Mining, 8, 245-266.
Page 82 and 83: M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67); E.H
Page 84 and 85: geochemistry and paleoceanographic
Page 88 and 89: Technical Requirements for the Expl
Page 90 and 91: 2. EXPLORATION TOOLS AND SYSTEMS Ma
Page 92 and 93: ROPOS (ROV) CSSF Canada 6,000 m JAS
Page 94 and 95: 6. PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES The phys
Page 96 and 97: ferromanganese crust mining is curr
Page 98 and 99: Impact of the Development of Polyme
Page 100 and 101: nature of the vent organisms, most
Page 102 and 103: 3.1 EPR Vent Ecosystems A schematic
Page 104 and 105: Different shrimp species occupy dif
Page 106 and 107: 5. RESPONSE TO PERTURBATIONS Recent
Page 108 and 109: sites, where much of the ore body l
Page 110 and 111: distribution will require more care
Page 112 and 113: 8. B. J. Burd and R.E. Thomson (199
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