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M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67); E.H. De Carlo and C.M. Fraley (61); R. Grau and H.R. Kudrass (61). E.H. De Carlo (1991), Paleoceanographic implications of rare earth element variability within a Fe-Mn crust from the central Pacific Ocean, Marine Geology, 98, 449-467. G.M. McMurtry et al. (1994), Cenozoic accumulation history of a Pacific ferromanganese crust, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 125, 105-118; T. Neumann and D. Stüben (1991), Detailed geochemical study and growth history of some ferromanganese crusts from the Tuamotu Archipelago, Marine Mining, 10, 29-14. 81. D. Puteanus et al. (61) 82. B.R. Bolton et al. (14) 83. B.L. Ingram, J.R. Hein and G.L. Farmer (1990), Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1709-1721. H.F. Ling et al. (1997), Evolution of Nd and Pb isotopes in central Pacific seawater from ferromanganese crusts, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146, 1-12. M. Segl et al. (1984) 10 Be dating of the inner structure of Mn-encrustations applying the Zürich tandem accelerator, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B5, 359-364. 84. J.R. Hein et al. (49); P. Halbach and D. Puteanus (1984), The influence of the carbonate dissolution rate on the growth and composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from central Pacific seamount areas, Earth Planetary Science Letters, 68, 73-87. 85. J.R. Hein et al. (49) 86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54); A. Koschinsky et al. (57) 87. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 88. E. Bonatti, T. Kraemer and H. Rydell (1972) Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits, In: Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor, D.R. Horn (ed.), Arden House, Harriman, New York, 149-166. 89. J.R. Hein et al. (1); Hein et al. (1987) (26); F.T. Manheim and C.M. Lane-Bostwick (32); F.T. Manheim and C.M. Lane-Bostwick (55); J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67) 90. J.R. Hein et al. (4) 91. J.R. Hein, W.C. Schwab and A.S. Davis (9); A. Koschinsky and P. Halbach (46); A.C. Aplin and D.S. Cronan (1986) (61) 92. J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67) 93. J.R. Hein et al. (4) 94. J.R. Hein et al. (1987) (26); J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67). R.A. Hodkinson and D.S. Cronan (1991), Regional and depth variability in the International Seabed Authority 85
composition of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the SOPAC area and adjacent parts of the central equatorial Pacific, Marine Geology, 98, 437-447. 95. J.R. Hein, J.R. Ahn et al. (78) 96. J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67) 97. P. Halbach, F.T. Manheim and P. Otten (13); E.H. De Carlo, G.M. McMurtry and K.H. Kim (26); P. Halbach et al. (26); J.R. Hein et al. (1985) (26); R.A. Hodkinson and D.S. Cronan (94) 98. A.C. Aplin and D.S. Cronan (1985) (61) 99. A. Koschinsky and P. Halbach (46); M. Bau (1996), Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare-earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1709-1725. D. Koeppenkastrop and E.H. De Carlo (1992), Sorption of rare-earth elements from seawater onto synthetic mineral particles: An experimental approach, Chemical Geology, 95, 251-263 100. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46) 101. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 102. J.D. Hem (1978), Redox processes at surfaces of manganese oxide and their effects on aqueous metal ions, Chemical Geology, 21, 199-218. 103. A. Koschinsky and P. Halbach (46); A.C. APLIN (61); A.C. Aplin and D.S. Cronan (1985) (61) 104. K.W. Bruland (1983), Trace elements in sea-water, In Chemical Oceanography, 8, J.P. Riley and R. Chester (eds.), Academic Press, London, 157-220. 105. N. Takematsu, Y. Sato and S. Okabe (1989), Factors controlling the chemical composition of marine manganese nodules and crusts: A review and synthesis, Marine Chemistry, 26, 41-56. 106. N. Takematsu, Y. Sato and S. Okabe (105) 107. K.W. Bruland (104); M.S. Quinby-Hunt and K.K. Turekian (1983), Distribution of elements in seawater, EOS, transactions American Geophysical Union, 64, 130- 131. 108. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 109. A.C. Aplin and D.S. Cronan (1985) (61) 110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46) 111. L.M. Gramm-Osipov, J.R. Hein and R.V. Chichkin (1994), Manganese geochemistry in the Karin Ridge region: Preliminary physiochemical description, In: Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment 86 International Seabed Authority
Page 2 and 3:
Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and
Page 4 and 5:
The designations employed and the p
Page 6 and 7:
Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Depos
Page 8 and 9:
Figure 1. Location of hydrothermal
Page 10 and 11:
The first sulphide deposits reporte
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SEAWATER MASSIVE BLACK SMOKERS MAGM
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sulphide mounds commonly consist of
Page 16 and 17:
asaltic crust at greenschist facies
Page 18 and 19:
50 tonnes of Au. A pilot mining tes
Page 20 and 21:
samples represent the first known e
Page 22 and 23:
Under those circumstances, massive
Page 24 and 25:
3°S New Hanover EL 1205 2557 sq km
Page 26 and 27:
9. PERSPECTIVE If further explorati
Page 28 and 29:
15. W.L. Plüger, P.M. Herzig, K.-P
Page 30 and 31:
40. J.C. Alt (1995), Sub-seafloor p
Page 32 and 33: 65. H.E. Mustafa, Z. Nawab, R. Horn
Page 34 and 35: Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts:
Page 36 and 37: over other metals because they are
Page 38 and 39: Table 1 Contents of manganese, iron
Page 40 and 41: Table 2 Classification of marine fe
Page 42 and 43: the instability and mass wasting of
Page 44 and 45: ecovered from seamounts. Fe-Mn crus
Page 46 and 47: The first systematic investigation
Page 48 and 49: 50 International Seabed Authority
Page 50 and 51: - 1.04-2.17 - 1.44-2.92 - 0.78-2.74
Page 52 and 53: the crust surface. Growth rates wer
Page 54 and 55: Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts generally
Page 56 and 57: 58 International Seabed Authority
Page 58 and 59: Sn 5 10 -- 12 -- -- -- 12 3 5 6 --
Page 60 and 61: Figure 7. Shale (PAAS, Post-Archean
Page 62 and 63: Phosphatisation of the older Fe-Mn
Page 64 and 65: proximity to continental margins an
Page 66 and 67: ates. Elements that form carbonate
Page 68 and 69: 5. RESOURCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOM
Page 70 and 71: The Japan Resource Association 130
Page 72 and 73: Table 8. Value of metals in one met
Page 74 and 75: co-authors of that paper for their
Page 76 and 77: 20. N.S. Skornyakova (1960), Mangan
Page 78 and 79: 41. A.I. Svininnikov (1994), Physic
Page 80 and 81: Pacific, Marine Mining, 8, 245-266.
Page 84 and 85: geochemistry and paleoceanographic
Page 86 and 87: Appendix 1.: Key to symbols in Tabl
Page 88 and 89: Technical Requirements for the Expl
Page 90 and 91: 2. EXPLORATION TOOLS AND SYSTEMS Ma
Page 92 and 93: ROPOS (ROV) CSSF Canada 6,000 m JAS
Page 94 and 95: 6. PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES The phys
Page 96 and 97: ferromanganese crust mining is curr
Page 98 and 99: Impact of the Development of Polyme
Page 100 and 101: nature of the vent organisms, most
Page 102 and 103: 3.1 EPR Vent Ecosystems A schematic
Page 104 and 105: Different shrimp species occupy dif
Page 106 and 107: 5. RESPONSE TO PERTURBATIONS Recent
Page 108 and 109: sites, where much of the ore body l
Page 110 and 111: distribution will require more care
Page 112 and 113: 8. B. J. Burd and R.E. Thomson (199
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