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Pacific, Marine Mining, 8, 245-266. A.C. Aplin and D.S. Cronan (1985), Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, I. Encrustations from the Line Islands Archipelago, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 427-436. P. Walter et al. (1995), Mineralogy and composition of manganese crusts and nodules and sediments from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: Results of HMNZS Tui cruises, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 13, 321-337. D.S. Cronan and R.A. Hodkinson (1989), Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part III: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ of western Kiribati (Phoenix and Gilbert Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 100, Suva Fiji, 47 pp. D.S. Cronan and R.A. Hodkinson (1990), Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part IV: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ of Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 102, Suva Fiji, 59 pp. D.S. Cronan et al. (1989), Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part II: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands and part of eastern Kiribati (Line Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 99, Suva Fiji, 44 pp. 62. B.R. Bolton, N.F. Exon and J. Ostwald (14); B.R. Bolton et al. (14). N.F. Exon (1997), Ferromanganese crust and nodule deposits from the continental margin south and west of Tasmania, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 701-710. G.P. Glasby et al. (1991), Marine manganese crusts around New Zealand, Miscellaneous Publications, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 106, 1-25. 63. B.W. Haynes et al. (1985), Pacific manganese nodules: Characterization and processing, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin, 679, 44 pp. 64. P. Halbach, F.T. Manheim and P. Otten (13); F.T. Manheim (24) 65. P. Halbach et al. (1983), Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas, Nature, 304, 716-719. 66. J.R. Hein et al. (6); A. Usui and M. Someya (6) 67. E.H. De Carlo, G.M. McMurtry and K.H. Kim (26); E.H. De Carlo, P.A. Pennywell and C.M. Fraley (26); J.R. Hein et al. (1987) (26). J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (1992), Central Pacific Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability, In: Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin, B.H. Keating. and B.R. Bolton (eds.), Circum- Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series, 14, New York, Springer-Verlag, 261-283. 68. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 69. P. Halbach, F.T. Manheim and P. Otten (13); J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67) 70. A.C. Aplin (61); E.H. De Carlo. and G.M. McMurtry (60) International Seabed Authority 83
71. S.M. McLennan (1989), Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes, In: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, B.R. Lipin and G.A. McKay (eds.), Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, 21, Washington, D.C., 168-200. 72. H.J.W. De Baar et al. (1985), Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 1943-1959. 73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in seawater, Nature, 345, 421-423. 74. A. Usui and M. Someya (6); J.R. Hein, W.C. Schwab and A.S. Davis (9); J.R. Hein, J.-K. Kang et al. (31); R. Le Suave et al. (61). J.R. Hein et al. (1990), Mineralogy and geochemistry of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts and substrate rocks from Karin Ridge and Johnston Island, Farnella Cruise F7-86-HW, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 90-298, 80 pp. J.R. Hein et al. (1994), Description and composition of Fe-Mn crusts, rocks, and sediments collected on Karin Ridge, R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruise 91-AV-19/2, In Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, J.R. Hein, A.S. Bychkov and A.E. Gibbs (eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-230, p. 39-86, 1994. J.R. Hein et al. (1997), Composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts and substrate rocks from the NW Marshall Islands and International waters to the north, Tunes 6 cruise, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 97-482, 65 pp; P. Halbach et al. (1989), Mechanisms to explain the platinum concentration in ferromanganese seamount crusts, Chemical Geology, 76, 95-106. 75. P. Halbach, D. Puteanus and F.T. Manheim (1984), Platinum concentrations in ferromanganese seamount crusts from the central Pacific, Naturwissenshaften, 71, 577-573. 76. J.R. Hein et al. (4) 77. J.R. Hein, W.C. Schwab and A.S. Davis (9); J.R. Hein, J.-K. Kang et al. (31); R. Le Suave et al. (61); P. Halbach, D. Puteanus and F.T. Manheim (75) 78. J.R. Hein, W.C. Schwab and A.S. Davis (9); J.R. Hein, J.-K. Kang et al. (31); J.R. Hein et al. (1990) (74); J.R. Hein et al. (1994) (74). J.R. Hein, J.R. Ahn et al. (1992), Geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and deep-sea mineral deposits, Federated States of Micronesia: KORDI-USGS R.V. Farnella Cruise F11-90-CP, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 92-218, 191 pp. 79. J.R. Hein et al. (4) 80. J.R. Hein, W.C. Schwab and A.S. Davis (9); P. Halbach et al. (26); E.H. De Carlo, P.A. Pennywell and C.M. Fraley (26); C. Pichocki and M. Hoffert (35); J.P. Cowen, E.H. De Carlo and D.L. McGee (53); A. Koschinsky et al. (57); J.R. Hein, 84 International Seabed Authority
Page 2 and 3:
Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and
Page 4 and 5:
The designations employed and the p
Page 6 and 7:
Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Depos
Page 8 and 9:
Figure 1. Location of hydrothermal
Page 10 and 11:
The first sulphide deposits reporte
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SEAWATER MASSIVE BLACK SMOKERS MAGM
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sulphide mounds commonly consist of
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asaltic crust at greenschist facies
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50 tonnes of Au. A pilot mining tes
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samples represent the first known e
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Under those circumstances, massive
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3°S New Hanover EL 1205 2557 sq km
Page 26 and 27:
9. PERSPECTIVE If further explorati
Page 28 and 29:
15. W.L. Plüger, P.M. Herzig, K.-P
Page 30 and 31: 40. J.C. Alt (1995), Sub-seafloor p
Page 32 and 33: 65. H.E. Mustafa, Z. Nawab, R. Horn
Page 34 and 35: Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts:
Page 36 and 37: over other metals because they are
Page 38 and 39: Table 1 Contents of manganese, iron
Page 40 and 41: Table 2 Classification of marine fe
Page 42 and 43: the instability and mass wasting of
Page 44 and 45: ecovered from seamounts. Fe-Mn crus
Page 46 and 47: The first systematic investigation
Page 48 and 49: 50 International Seabed Authority
Page 50 and 51: - 1.04-2.17 - 1.44-2.92 - 0.78-2.74
Page 52 and 53: the crust surface. Growth rates wer
Page 54 and 55: Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts generally
Page 56 and 57: 58 International Seabed Authority
Page 58 and 59: Sn 5 10 -- 12 -- -- -- 12 3 5 6 --
Page 60 and 61: Figure 7. Shale (PAAS, Post-Archean
Page 62 and 63: Phosphatisation of the older Fe-Mn
Page 64 and 65: proximity to continental margins an
Page 66 and 67: ates. Elements that form carbonate
Page 68 and 69: 5. RESOURCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOM
Page 70 and 71: The Japan Resource Association 130
Page 72 and 73: Table 8. Value of metals in one met
Page 74 and 75: co-authors of that paper for their
Page 76 and 77: 20. N.S. Skornyakova (1960), Mangan
Page 78 and 79: 41. A.I. Svininnikov (1994), Physic
Page 82 and 83: M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67); E.H
Page 84 and 85: geochemistry and paleoceanographic
Page 86 and 87: Appendix 1.: Key to symbols in Tabl
Page 88 and 89: Technical Requirements for the Expl
Page 90 and 91: 2. EXPLORATION TOOLS AND SYSTEMS Ma
Page 92 and 93: ROPOS (ROV) CSSF Canada 6,000 m JAS
Page 94 and 95: 6. PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES The phys
Page 96 and 97: ferromanganese crust mining is curr
Page 98 and 99: Impact of the Development of Polyme
Page 100 and 101: nature of the vent organisms, most
Page 102 and 103: 3.1 EPR Vent Ecosystems A schematic
Page 104 and 105: Different shrimp species occupy dif
Page 106 and 107: 5. RESPONSE TO PERTURBATIONS Recent
Page 108 and 109: sites, where much of the ore body l
Page 110 and 111: distribution will require more care
Page 112 and 113: 8. B. J. Burd and R.E. Thomson (199
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