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The Japan Resource Association 130 studied the applicability of a continuous line
bucket (CLB) system as a method of crust mining. The CLB could be competitive in an
area where crusts are easily separated from substrate rock, or where the substrate is soft
enough to be removed by washing 131. While there is some merit in the CLB's simplicity,
the most likely commercial crust mining systems will probably use hydraulic lift together
with a mechanical fragmentation system attached to a self-propelled collector. That type
of system has a better likelihood of efficient crust recovery and substrate separation 132.
Some new and innovative systems that have been suggested for Fe-Mn crust mining
include water-jet stripping of crusts from the substrate, and in situ leaching techniques.
Both suggestions offer promise and need to be further developed.
Figure 9. Schematic representation of a deep-sea mining vehicle for Fe-Mn crusts
(from DO1-MMS (127); designed by J.E. Halkyard, OTC Corporation)
5.2. Economics
The importance of metals contained in Fe-Mn crusts to the world economy is
reflected in their patterns of consumption 133. The primary uses of manganese, cobalt, and
nickel are in the manufacture of steel to which they provide unique characteristics.
Cobalt is also used in the electrical, communications, aerospace, and engine and tool
manufacturing industries, as well as its radioisotope in medicine. Nickel is also used in
chemical plants, petroleum refineries, electrical appliances, and motor vehicles. Supplies
of these metals and other rare metals found in crusts are essential for maintaining the
efficiency of modern industrial societies and in improving the standard of living in the
21st century.
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