Client Alert - Gide Loyrette Nouel

Client Alert
China - Energy & Environment
The Carbon Market in China
China has participated in the international Clean Development Mechanism
("CDM") under the Kyoto Protocol since 2005. However, with the end of the
First Commitment Period soon approaching, the Chinese government must
begin to develop its own carbon market to address the increasing demand for
greater environmental protection and energy efficiency.
At the end of 2011, seven pilot regions in China were selected to establish and
develop their own local carbon markets. These are expected to expand
nationwide over the next few years. Any developed and well-regulated
domestic carbon markets are likely to impact most industrial companies in
China in the near future.
BACKGROUND
M a y 2 0 1 2
China currently engages in international carbon trading through the United
Nations' CDM, a carbon credit system under the Kyoto Protocol, in which the
concept of carbon emissions' trading was first mentioned. 1 To further support
the CDM, the National Development and Reform Commission ("NDRC")
revised the Measures for Operation and Management of clean Development
Mechanism Projects in China 2 (the "CDM Measures") in 2011 to regulate
procedures for approving CDM projects.
However, the First Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) will
end this year. In order to alleviate environmental pressures and meet the
demand for energy efficiency, the Chinese government has set out carbon
reduction targets and recently revealed, for the first time, an interest in
developing a domestic carbon market.
1 Articles 6 and 17 of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(the "UNCCC"), signed in 1997 and effective 16 February 2005 (the "Kyoto Protocol").
2 The Measures for Operation and Management of Clean Development Mechanism Projects in China,
revised by the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
NDRC on 3 August 2011 and effective from the same day.
Algiers
T e l . +213 (0 )21 2 3 9 4 9 4
g ln .a lg ie rs@g id e . c o m
Beijing
T e l . +86 1 0 6 5 9 7 4 5 1 1
g ln .b e i j in g @g id e .c o m
Brussels
T e l . +32 (0)2 2 3 1 1 1 4 0
g ln .b ru s s e ls @g id e .c o m
Bucharest
T e l . +40 2 1 2 2 3 0 3 1 0
g ln .b u c h a res t@g id e . c o m
Budapest
T e l . +36 1 4 1 1 7 4 0 0
g ln .b u d a p e s t @g id e .c o m
Casablanca
T e l . +212 (0 )5 2 2 2 7 4 6 2 8
g ln .c a s a b l a n c a @g id e .c o m
Hanoi
T e l . +84 4 3 9 4 6 2 3 5 0
g ln .h a n o i@g id e . c o m
Ho Chi Minh City
T e l . +84 8 3 8 2 3 8 5 9 9
g ln .h c m c @g id e .c o m
Hong Kong
T e l . +852 2 5 3 6 9 1 1 0
g ln .h o n g k o n g @g id e . c o m
Istanbul
T e l . +90 2 1 2 3 8 5 0 4 0 0
g ln . is tanbu l@g id e .c o m
Kyiv
T e l . +380 4 4 2 0 6 0 9 8 0
g ln .k y iv @g id e .c o m
London
T e l . +44 (0)20 7 3 8 2 5 5 0 0
g ln . lo n d o n @g id e .c o m
Moscow
T e l . +7 4 9 5 2 5 8 3 1 0 0
g ln .mosco w @g id e .c o m
New York
T e l . +1 2 1 2 4 0 3 6 7 0 0
g ln .n e wyork @g id e .c o m
Paris
T e l . +33 (0)1 4 0 7 5 6 0 0 0
i n fo @g id e .c o m
Saint Petersburg
T e l . +7 8 1 2 3 0 3 6 9 0 0
gln.saintpetersburg@gide.com
Shanghai
T e l . +86 2 1 5 3 0 6 8 8 9 9
g ln .s h a n g h a i @g id e .c o m
Tunis
T e l . +216 7 1 8 9 1 9 9 3
t u n is @g ln -a .c o m
Warsaw
T e l . +48 2 2 3 4 4 0 0 0 0
g ln .w a rsa w @g id e .c o m

2.
China’s 12th Five-Year Plan 3 sets a target to cut carbon intensity by 17% between 2011 and 2015. To achieve
these goals, the Chinese government is encouraging a carbon trading scheme in pilot regions and industrial
sectors in the hope of gradually establishing a nationwide carbon market. 4 To further implement these policies, on
29 October 2011, the NDRC issued the Notice on Launching a Pilot Program for the Carbon Market (the "Pilot
Program Notice"). 5 The Pilot Program will begin carbon market trials in certain provinces and cities.
SUMMARY OF THE CARBON MARKET IN CHINA
International CDM Project
The CDM is primarily an international mechanism described in the Kyoto Protocol. Essentially, the CDM allows
companies in developed nations to sponsor greenhouse gas reduction projects in "host" (developing) countries. As
a result, the "sponsor" nation receives credits for offsetting emissions, which comes at a cost less than what it
would be in its own country, while the host country obtains investment from the implementation of low-carbon
technologies.
For a project to be approved, both the host and developed countries must be member states of the UNCCC and
Kyoto Protocol. The host country must have approved the project, and the positive impact of the project on the
environment must be proven by engineering and certification entities known as "designated operational entities".
Lastly, the international body in charge of overseeing certified emission rights (the "CDM Executive Board") must
have entered the issuance of credits into the CDM registry. Thus, any Chinese approval is only part of a broader
approval mechanism.
As far as Chinese approval is concerned, the CDM Measures stipulate the following approval procedure for CDM
projects:
Step
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Approval Procedure
The project owner submits required documents, including the Project Design Document, to the NDRC or its
provincial counterparts.
The NDRC, after receiving the application from project owner or handed in by its local counterparts, will entrust
relevant organizations with an expert review of the project.
The National CDM Board will review the application and make its decision accordingly.
The NDRC, with the Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, will approve or reject the
application in accordance with the decision of the National CDM Board and issue a letter to the applicant on behalf
of the Chinese government.
Pilot Program on Domestic Carbon Trade
According to the newly issued Pilot Program Notice, there are seven provinces and cities involved in the Pilot
Program, namely: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hubei, Guangdong and Shenzhen (collectively the "Pilot
Regions"). Compared to the national target to reduce carbon intensity by 17% in the 12th Five-Year Plan, Beijing
(18%), Tianjin (19%), Shanghai (19%) and Guangdong (19.5%) 6 have higher reduction targets, for which the pilot
experiment will act as a market solution to help meet their goals.
The Pilot Program Notice stipulates four main measures for establishing the domestic carbon market:
• The Pilot Program requires support from local implementing rules, which are to be drafted by the Pilot Regions
respectively and approved by the NDRC.
3 The 12 th Five Year Plan, promulgated by the National People's Congress on 16 March 2011 and effective from the same day.
4 In December 2011, the State Council issued the Implementation Plan on Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the 12 th Five-Year Plan
(promulgated by the State Council on 1 December 2011 and effective from the same day), which specified the need for a carbon market pilot program
and a system to distribute emissions rights in the future.
5
Notice on Launching a Pilot Program for the Carbon Market promulgated by NDRC on 29 October 2011 and effective from the dame day.
6 The Implementation Plan on Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the 12 th Five-Year Plan, promulgated by the State Council on 1 December 2011
and effective from the same day.

3.
• The Pilot Regions will control the overall emission credits within their administrative divisions and establish rules
for credit allocation among local enterprises.
• The regime to monitor and register carbon trades is also to be established locally.
• Other supporting rules related to the carbon market, such as evaluation methods, will be clarified.
In practice, the Pilot Regions now have their own trading platforms, which mainly provide transactions on
environmental protection technology, energy efficiency technology and carbon credits. However, there have not yet
been many successful precedents on carbon emissions trading because such trade is still voluntary for companies.
We have identified two important precedents:
• On 5 August 2009, Tianping Auto Insurance Co., Ltd. purchased credits equivalent to 8,026 tons of carbon
emissions from the Beijing Environment Exchange 7 to compensate for the carbon emissions from its daily
operations since 2004. It was the first known example of a Chinese company buying credits to offset its
emissions.
• On 11 November 2011, Shanghai Hongtai Real Estate Co. Ltd. purchased 2,012 tons of carbon credits from
Shanghai Medical Instruments (Group) Co., Ltd. through the Shanghai Environment Energy Exchange 8 at the
price of RMB 38 per ton to offset emissions from its Pujiang International Finance Plaza project.
A STEP IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION
The essential idea behind the carbon market is to promote energy efficiency by placing a monetary value on
emissions. China has already been widely involved in international CDM projects, and it is now embracing for the
first time the establishment of a viable carbon market within its national policies. Several Pilot Regions have begun
introducing measures to test the carbon market, and such progress will likely have an impact on most industrial
enterprises in the future.
However, the Chinese domestic carbon market is still in its infancy and its complete implementation is still some
years away. To date, carbon trading remains voluntary for enterprises, with the couple of successful precedents
considered more as shows of corporate responsibility, rather than a routine and daily part of business operations.
GLN will closely follow any legal developments relating to China's carbon market. Meanwhile, please contact us
should you have any questions regarding environmental and energy laws and foreign investment in China.
________________________
7 The Beijing Environment Exchange was established on 5 August 2008 and operates under the direction of the National Lead Working Group for
addressing Climate Change, Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction. The Exchange lays a foundation for China to use market-based methods
to solve problems relating to environmental protection, energy conservation and emissions reduction.
8 The Shanghai Environment Energy Exchange, also set up on 5 August 2008, is mainly engaged in transactions concerning intellectual property rights
(patents) to be transferred from foreign investors and equity to be transferred from local companies in which joint ventures are created. The Exchange
offers a package of services for project developers, such as preparation of the project design, project appraisal, business planning, marketing, funding,
and financial and technological support.
This Client Alert was prepared by our China Green Energy Working Group - a cross-border, cross-disciplinary group
focusing on legal issues and developments affecting foreign investment in the green energy sector in China. For
further information, please contact one of our experts below.

4.
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