Wheat Flour

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1. WHEAT PRODUCTION 1.1 Key parameters for wheat production ■ The main wheat types represent all possible combinations of hard and soft, red and white, and spring and winter categories. All types belong to the genus Triticum aestivum, subspecies vulgare. In addition, three other species are cultivated and traded: the Triticum durum, compactum and spelta. Because of its quality, durum wheat is used by the pasta industry, and non-durum is used by either the milling, livestock feed or ethanol industries. ■ Although grown in various areas, wheat is best acclimated in latitudes between 30 to 60° North and 27 to 40° South, while high-yield varieties respond best in moderate climates. ■ Wheat can be cultivated at elevations ranging from sea level to 3,000 m. Although well-drained silt and clay loam soils are optimal, wheat will grow on a wide range of soils. Neutral to slightly acid soils (5.5 to 6.5 pH) are most suitable for wheat production. An average growing season temperature of 25 °C is optimal, although a range of 3.3 to 32 °C is acceptable for spring wheat varieties. ■ All wheats are annual plants. Spring wheats are planted in the spring, have a short growing season, less than 100 days, and are harvested in the fall. In contrast, winter wheats are planted in the fall, in areas with no excessive freezing. Following germination and development of an extensive root system, growth is halted in winter and revived in the spring. Harvest takes place in early summer. Although wheat output has been steadily increasing, a further production increase faces a number of constraints: limited arable land and competition between grains and oilseeds for that land; yields in developed countries are believed to be close to their biological potential and; farmers in developing countries experience problems with access to capital and support infrastructure, etc. The countries of the former Soviet Union have significant production potential as their yields are much below biological production potential. 1.2 Climate change and its effect on wheat production Climate change also brings uncertainties to the prospects of growth of wheat production. According to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), climate change may affect wheat production through the direct effects on yield via physiological processes, through changes in 7
sowing dates or increased rainfall, and through changes in the areas under production, as regions become more or less suitable for wheat. Increased CO 2 concentrations have the potential to increase plant growth and yield, primarily through increased photosynthesis. Warmer winters can lead to higher yields through reduced winter kill. However, increased temperatures may make some regions unsuitable for wheat production. The effects of climate change will differ depending on the region and production environment. The overall picture presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC FAR, 2007) shows that decreasing wheat yields at lower latitudes will likely be offset by increasing yields at mid to high latitudes under moderate warming. 1.3 World production of wheat Wheat production in the world has been increasing largely due to plant breeding research and improved production technologies since the 1960s. World average wheat yields more than doubled from just 1.1 ton/ha in 1961 to 2.83 ton/ha in 2007 (Figure 1). The European countries achieve highest yields, while the countries in Asia tend to obtain yields slightly below the world average. Figure 1: Average wheat yields, 1961–2006 (ton/ha) 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 World Africa Asia Europe Linear (World) 1.00 0.50 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 Source: FAOSTAT 8
Page 1 and 2: Wheat Flour agribusiness handbook
Page 3 and 4: This handbook is part of a series o
Page 6: INTRODUCTION Wheat is grown in most
Page 11 and 12: 1.4 Costs and margins of wheat prod
Page 13 and 14: Table 3: Wheat: world balance (mill
Page 16 and 17: 2. USES OF WHEAT OTHER THAN FOR HUM
Page 18 and 19: 3. WORLD WHEAT TRADE 3.1 Wheat pric
Page 20 and 21: the main buyers of medium- and low-
Page 22 and 23: and reached USD 68/ton by May 2007.
Page 24 and 25: 4. WHEAT FLOUR After harvesting, wh
Page 26 and 27: At the flour mill, the wheat is alw
Page 28 and 29: The ability of wheat millers to hed
Page 30 and 31: 5. WORLD WHEAT FLOUR TRADE Wheat gr
Page 32 and 33: Figure 11: Kazakhstani wheat flour
Page 34: Figure 13: Correlation of EXW wheat
Page 37 and 38: Winter wheat accounts for most of t
Page 39 and 40: Figure 16: Livestock (left axis) an
Page 41 and 42: Soviet Union (FSU) countries have s
Page 43 and 44: to large-scale flour mills and appr
Page 45 and 46: Figure 20: Wheat output in the WBCs
Page 47 and 48: Despite technological innovations,
Page 49 and 50: Figure 27: Imports of maize flour t
Page 52: 8. FURTHER READING AND INFORMATION

Wheat Flour

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