30Ulysses Descending into the Underworld (16th century), Giovanni Stradano. Fresco. Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.Photo © Scala/Art Resource, New York.‘How is this, Elpenor,how could you journey to the western gloomswifter afoot than I in the black lugger?’He sighed, and answered:ANALYZE VISUALSThis 16th-century painting illustratesthe descent of Ulysses (Odysseus)into the underworld. How has theartist distinguished between Ulyssesand the dead, also known as shades?3540‘Son of great Laertes,Odysseus, master mariner and soldier,bad luck shadowed me, and no kindly power;ignoble death I drank with so much wine.I slept on Circe’s roof, then could not seethe long steep backward ladder, coming down,and fell that height. My neck bone, buckled under,snapped, and my spirit found this well of dark.Now hear the grace I pray for, in the nameof those back in the world, not here—your wifeand father, he who gave you bread in childhood,and your own child, your only son, Telemachus,long ago left at home.the wanderings of odysseus: book 11 1127
4550When you make sailand put these lodgings of dim Death behind,you will moor ship, I know, upon Aeaea Island;there, O my lord, remember me, I pray,do not abandon me unwept, unburied,to tempt the gods’ wrath, while you sail for home;but fire my corpse, and all the gear I had,and build a cairn for me above the breakers—an unknown sailor’s mark for men to come.Heap up the mound there, and implant upon itthe oar I pulled in life with my companions.’50–51 fire my corpse . . . cairn: Elpenorwants Odysseus to hold a funeral for him.55He ceased, and I replied:I promise you the barrow and the burial.’‘Unhappy spirit,6065So we conversed, and grimly, at a distance,with my long sword between, guarding the blood,while the faint image of the lad spoke on.Now came the soul of Anticlea, dead,my mother, daughter of Autolycus,dead now, though living still when I took shipfor holy Troy. Seeing this ghost I grieved,but held her off, through pang on pang of tears,till I should know the presence of Tiresias.Soon from the dark that prince of Thebes came forwardbearing a golden staff; and he addressed me:58 with my long sword . . . blood: theghosts are attracted to the blood of thesacrifice; Odysseus must hold them atbay with his sword.66 prince of Thebes: Tiresias, the blindseer, comes from the city of Thebes (thCbz).707580‘Son of Laertes and the gods of old,Odysseus, master of land ways and sea ways,why leave the blazing sun, O man of woe,to see the cold dead and the joyless region?Stand clear, put up your sword;let me but taste of blood, I shall speak true.’At this I stepped aside, and in the scabbardlet my long sword ring home to the pommel silver,as he bent down to the sombre blood. Then spokethe prince of those with gift of speech:‘Great captain,a fair wind and the honey lights of homeare all you seek. But anguish lies ahead;the god who thunders on the land prepares it,not to be shaken from your track, implacable,1128 unit 11: the odyssey
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30405060“Sire,” said Sir Ulfius
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