Technical Handbook - ESAB

Wires for Submerged Arc WeldingClassificationTypical chemical composition (%)Euronorm AWS/SFA C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N others FNOK Autrod 308L EN ISO 14343 S 19 9 L A5.9: ER308L 0.02 0.4 1.8 20.0 10.0 0.2 0.05OK Autrod 308H EN ISO 14343 S 19 9 H A5.9: ER308H 0.05 0.5 1.7 21.0 10.0 0.2 0.04OK Autrod 347 EN ISO 14343 S 19 9 Nb A5.9: ER347 0.04 0.4 1.7 19.3 10.0 0.1 0.08 Nb: 0.8OK Autrod 316L EN ISO 14343 S 19 12 3 L A5.9: ER316L 0.01 0.4 1.7 18.5 12.2 2.7 0.05OK Autrod 317L EN ISO 14343 S 18 15 3 L A5.9: ER317L 0.01 0.4 1.7 19.0 13.5 3.6 0.05OK Autrod 316H EN ISO 14343 S 19 12 3 H A5.9: ER316H 0.05 0.4 1.7 19.3 12.5 2.6 0.04OK Autrod 16.38 EN ISO 14343 S 20 16 3 Mn L A5.9: - 0.01 0.4 6.9 19.9 16.5 3.0 0.18OK Autrod 318 EN ISO 14343 S 19 12 3 Nb A5.9: ER318 0.04 0.4 1.7 18.5 11.5 2.5 0.08 Nb: 0.8OK Autrod 309L EN ISO 14343 S 23 12 L A5.9: ER309L 0.01 0.4 1.7 23.4 13.4 0.1 0.05OK Autrod 309MoL EN ISO 14343 S 23 12 L A5.9: (ER309MoL) 0.01 0.4 1.4 21.4 15.0 2.7 0.05OK Autrod 385 EN ISO 14343 S 20 25 5 Cu L A5.9: ER385 0.01 0.4 1.7 20.0 25.0 4.4 0.04 Cu: 1.5OK Autrod 310 EN ISO 14343 S 25 20 A5.9: ER310 0.11 0.4 1.7 25.9 20.8 0.1 0.04OK Autrod 312 EN ISO 14343 S 29 9 A5.9: ER312 0.10 0.4 1.8 30.3 9.3 0.2 0.04OK Autrod 2209 EN ISO 14343 S 22 9 3 N L A5.9: ER2209 0.01 0.5 1.6 23.0 8.6 3.2 0.16OK Autrod 310MoL EN ISO 14343 S 25 22 2 N L A5.9: (ER310MoL) 0.01 0.1 4.5 25.0 21.9 2.0 0.14OK Autrod 2509 EN ISO 14343 S 25 9 4 N L A5.9: - 0.01 0.4 0.4 25.0 9.5 3.9 0.25OK Autrod 16.97 EN ISO 14343 S 18 8 Mn A5.9: (ER307) 0.07 0.5 6.5 18.5 8.2 0.1OK Autrod 19.81 EN ISO 18274 S Ni6059 (NiCr23Mo16) A5.14: ERNiCrMo-13 0.01 0.1 0.2 23.0 Bal. 16.0 Al: 0.3, Fe: 1.0OK Autrod 19.82 EN ISO 18274 S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) A5.14: ER NiCrMo-3 0.05 0.2 0.2 22.0 Bal. 9.0 Nb: 3.5, Fe 1.0OK Autrod 19.83 EN ISO 18274 S Ni 6276 (NiCr15Mo16Fe6W4) A5.14: ER NiCrMo-4 0.01 0.05 0.8 15.5 Bal. 15.5 W: 4.0, Co: 2.0, Fe 5.0OK Autrod 19.85 EN ISO 18274 S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) A5.14: ERNiCr-3 0.05 0.3 3.0 20.0 Bal. 0.1 Nb: 2.6, Fe 1.0Strips for Submerged Arc Strip Cladding and Electroslag Strip CladdingClassificationTypical chemical composition (%)Euronorm AWS/SFA C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N others FNOK Band 308L EN ISO 14343 S 19 9 L A5.9: EQ308L 0.015 0.3 1.8 20.0 10.5 0.06 11OK Band 347 EN ISO 14343 S 19 9 Nb A5.9: EQ347 0.02 0.4 1.8 19.5 10.0 0.06 Nb: 0.5 11OK Band 316L EN ISO 14343 S 19 12 3 L A5.9: EQ316L 0.02 0.4 1.8 18.5 13.0 2.9 0.06 8OK Band 309L EN ISO 14343 S 23 12 L A5.9: EQ309L 0.015 0.4 1.8 23.5 13.5 0.06 13OK Band 309LNb EN ISO 14343 S 23 12 L Nb 0.02 0.3 2.1 24.0 12.5 0.06 Nb: 0.8 22OK Band 309LESW 0.015 0.2 1.8 21.0 11.5 0.06 11OK Band 309LNbESW 0.015 0.2 1.8 21.0 11.0 0.06 Nb: 0.6 15OK Band 309LMoESW 0.015 0.2 1.8 20.5 13.5 2.9 0.06 13OK Band 430 EN ISO 14343 S 17 0.04 0.4 0.7 17.0 0.06OK Band NiCr3 EN ISO 18274 S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) A5.14: ERNiCr-3 < 0.1 0.2 3.0 20.0 67.0 0.05 Nb: 2.5, Fe 3.0OK BandNiCrMo3 EN ISO 18274 S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) A5.14: ER NiCrMo-3 < 0.1 0.1 0.3 22.0 58.0 9.0 0.05 Nb: 4.0, Fe 2.07

Consumable selection by parent materialEN Standard Designation No. AISI (UNS) Covered electrodes for MMA welding Solid wires for MIG/MAG weldingFerriticEN 10088-1 X2CrNi12 1.4003 S41050 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X6Cr13 1.4000 403 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X6Cr17 1.4016 430 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X2CrMoTi18-2 1.4521 S44400 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 - 1.4762 446 OK 67.15 OK Autrod 310AustenticEN 10088-1 X2CrNi18-9 1.4307 304L OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X10CrNi18-8 1.4310 301 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X2CrNiN18-10 1.4311 304LN OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X5CrNi18-10 1.4301 304 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSiEN 10088-1 X8CrNiS18-9 1.4305 303 OK 68.81 OK Autrod 312EN 10088-1 X6CrNiTi18-10 1.4541 321 OK 61.80, OK 61.81, OK 61.85, OK 61.86 OK Autrod 347SiEN 10088-1 X6CrNiNb18-10 1.4550 347 OK 61.80, OK 61.81, OK 61.85, OK 61.86 OK Autrod 347SiEN 10088-1 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 1.4436 316 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSiEN 10088-1 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4401 316 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSiEN 10088-1 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4404 316L OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSiEN 10088-1 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 1.4435 316L OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSiEN 10088-1 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 1.4429 S31653 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSiEN 10088-1 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 1.4571 316Ti OK 63.80, OK 63.85 OK Autrod 318SiEN 10088-1 X6CrNiMoNb17-12-2 1.4580 316Nb OK 63.80, OK 63.85 OK Autrod 318SiEN 10088-1 X12CrMnNiN17-7-5 1.4372 201 OK 67.43, OK 67.45, OK 67.52 OK Autrod 16.95EN 10088-1 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 1.4435 S31603 OK 69.25EN 10088-1 X1CrNiMoN25-22-2 1.4466 310MoLN OK 310Mo-L OK Autrod 310EN 10088-1 X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 1.4539 N08904 OK 69.33 OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82EN 10088-1 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 1.4438 S31703 OK 64.30, OK 64.63 OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82EN 10088-1 X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 1.4547 S31254 OK 92.45 OK Autrod 19.82EN 10088-1 X1NiCrMoCu31-27-4 1.4563 N08028 OK 92.45 OK Autrod 19.81EN 10088-1 - 1.4562 S32654 OK 92.59 OK Autrod 19.81Heat resistant austeniticEN 10095 X15CrNi23-13 1.4833 309S OK 67.70, OK 67.75 OK Autrod 309LSi, OK Autrod 309MoLEN 10095 X8CrNi25-21 1.4845 310S24 OK 67.13, OK 67.15 OK Autrod 310EN 10095 X9CrNiSiNCe21-11-2 1.4835 S30815 OK 62.53Austenitic-FerriticEN 10088-1 - 1.4162 S32101 OK 67.50, OK 67.53, OK 67.55 OK Autrod 2209EN 10088-1 X2CrNiN23-4 1.4362 S32304 OK 67.50, OK 67.53, OK 67.55 OK Autrod 2209EN 10088-1 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 1.4462 S31803 OK 67.50, OK 67.53, OK 67.55 OK Autrod 2209EN 10088-1 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 1.4410 S32750 OK 68.53, OK 68.55 OK Autrod 2509EN 10088-1 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 1.4501 S32760 OK 68.53, OK 68.55 OK Autrod 25098

Wires for TIG welding Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG Wires for SA weldingOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 310 OK Autrod 310OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Autrod 308LOK Tigrod 312 OK Autrod 312OK Tigrod 347Si Shield-Bright 347 OK Autrod 347OK Tigrod 347Si Shield-Bright 347 OK Autrod 347OK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 OK Autrod 316LOK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 OK Autrod 316LOK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 OK Autrod 316LOK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 OK Autrod 316LOK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 OK Autrod 316LOK Tigrod 318Si OK Autrod 318OK Tigrod 318Si OK Autrod 318OK Tigrod 16.95 OK Autrod 16.97OK Tigrod 310OK Autrod 310MoLOK Tigrod 385, OK Tigrod 19.82 OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82OK Tigrod 385, OK Tigrod 19.82 Shield-Bright 317L, Shield-Bright 317L X-tra OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82OK Tigrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.82OK Tigrod 19.81 OK Autrod 19.81OK Tigrod 19.81 OK Autrod 19.81OK Tigrod 309LSi, OK Tigrod 309MoL Shield-Bright 309L, Shield-Bright 309L X-tra OK Autrod 309LOK Tigrod 310 OK Autrod 310OK Tigrod 2209 OK Tubrod 14.27OK Tigrod 2209 OK Tubrod 14.27 OK Autrod 2209OK Tigrod 2209 OK Tubrod 14.27 OK Autrod 2209OK Tigrod 2509 OK Autrod 2509OK Tigrod 2509 OK Autrod 25099

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingDeoxidantsThese components in the coating areresponsible for removing oxygen from theweld metal and are often added as ferroalloys such as ferro manganese and ferrosilicon.Arc stabilisersComponents in the coating that createionisation in the arc, stabilising the arc.Principle of manual metal arc werlding.Over the last few decades a significantamount of applications that were traditionallywelded with covered electrodes have beentransferred to more productive methods suchas submerged arc welding and flux cored arcwelding. However, for applications whereflexibility is essential, the covered electrode isoften the best solution.Electrode typesCovered electrodes for stainless steelwelding are catagorised according to theircoating composition into rutile, basic andhigh deposition types.Many welders prefer rutile types. They areeasier to use, due to a smooth and stablearc on both AC and DC, minimal spatterand a very fine spray metal transfer. Strikingproperties are very good and the beadappearance and slag removal are excellent.The covered electrode consists of a corewire and a coating which in combination fulfilseveral functions:All weld metalThe core wire provides the weld metal andthe coating provides the weld with additionalalloying elements or iron powder.SlagSeveral components in the coating helpform and control the slag, which protects,shapes and supports the weld pool duringwelding.Gas shieldingComponents in the coating generate a gasshield which protects the weld deposit fromthe surrounding atmosphere.Basic types are usually used in moredemanding applications e.g. high impacttoughness at cryogenic temperatures andhigh restraint. The quick freezing weld metaloffers exceptional good weldingperformance in all positions. Basiccomponents in the coating provide a cleanweld metal. Therefore, these types give thebest protection against porosity and hotcracking.High deposition electrodes are thosecontaining high amounts of iron powder inthe coating and are used to obtain highproductivity. Deposition rates increase withthe amount of iron powder in the coating.High deposition types have a recoveryexceeding 130%. The weld pools are largerand welding is conducted only in a downhand or flat position.10

Vertical down welding requires a speciallycoated electrode. A thin rutile coatingprovides excellent welding characteristics invertical down welding of thin plate, withminimum distortion due to the high weldingspeed.• 3.2mm: packed in half packs containingabout 2kg each. Each carton contains 3packages• 4.0mm: packed in half packscontaining about 2kg each. Each cartoncontains 3 packagesPackagingVacPacAll ESAB stainless and nickel-based coveredelectrodes are supplied in VacPac vacuumpackaging.• 2.5mm: packed in quarter packscontaining about 0.7kg each. Each cartoncontains 6 packages.Plastic capsulesThe main stainless types are also supplied inplastic capsules.• 2.5mm: packed in quarter packscontaining about 0.7kg each. Each cartoncontains 9 packages.• 3.2mm: packed in half packscontaining about 2kg each. Each cartoncontains 6 packagesVacPac is available in various packaging sizesto suit fabricators’ individual consumption ofMMA electrodes.11

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.20 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery105-108%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 L R 1 1AWS/SFA 5.4E308L-160.026 0.7 0.7 19.2 9.6 0.10 5Rutile coated electrode for welding 19Cr10Ni -type steels. Also suitable for welding stabilised steels of similar composition,except when the full creep resistance of the base material is to be met. The electrode is especially designed forwelding thin walled pipes. Diameters 1.6 - 2.5mm can be used in all positions including vertical down.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.25 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingBasicRecovery104%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 H B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4E308H-15Seproz0.06 0.3 1.7 18.8 9.8 0.05 4Basic coated stainless electrode of the 308H-type especially designed for high temperature applications.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.30 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery105%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 L R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4E308L-17CSA W48E308L-17ABS, CE, CWB, DB,DNV, Seproz, TÜV0.03 0.9 0.7 19.3 10.0 0.09 4Extra low carbon stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the 19 Cr 10 Ni-type. Also suitable for welding stabilisedstainless steels of similar composition, except when the full creep resistance of the base material is to be met.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.35 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingBasicRecovery100%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 L B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4E308L-15Seproz, TÜV0.04 0.3 1.6 19.5 9.8 0.05 6Basic stainless electrode of the 308L-type designed for positional welding such as piping. Suitable forapplications where requirements concerning mechanical properties are demanding. Lateral expansion ofmin. 0.38 mm is met down to -120 °C.12

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)430 560 45 +20/70 1.6 x 3002.0 x 3002.5 x 30023 - 4025 - 6028 - 85DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)430 600 45 +20/95 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35055 - 8575 - 11080 - 160DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)430 560 43 +20/70-60/491.6 x 3002.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35035 - 4535 - 6550 - 9070 - 13090 - 180140 - 250DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)460 610 40 +20/100-120/70-196/402.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35055 - 8580 - 12080 - 180160 - 210DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 313

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.35 Cryo C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingBasicRecovery100%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 L B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4E308L-15TÜV0.04 0.3 1.6 18.7 10.5 0.06 3A basic stainless stick electrode of the 308L-type especially designed for cryogenic applications. Provides a controlledlow ferrite content to ensure lateral expansion of min. 0.38 mm at -196°C.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.50 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery101%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 H R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4E308H-170.05 0.7 0.7 19.8 10 0.10 4OK 61.50 is a stainless steel electrode for welding 19Cr 9 Ni austenitic stainless steels with a carbon content >0.04%.Especially designed for high temperature applications.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.80 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Nb FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery103%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 Nb R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4E347-17CE, GL, TÜV0.03 0.7 0.6 19.5 10 0.09 0.29 7OK 61.80 is a niobium-stabilised, stainless-steel, LMA electrode with a low carbon content for welding stainless types321 and 347. It is resistant to intergranular corrosion up to 400°C.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.81 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Nb FNType of coatingRutileRecovery104 - 106%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 Nb R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4E347-16CE, DNV0.06 0.7 1.7 20.2 9.7 0.08 0.72 5Nb-stabilised MMA-electrode for welding Nb- or Ti-stabilised stainless steel of the 19Cr10Ni-type.14

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)460 580 43 +20/100-120/70-196/502.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35055 - 8580 - 12080 - 180160 - 210DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)430 600 45 +20/60 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8570 - 110110 - 165DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)480 620 40 +20/60-80/402.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35055 - 9070 - 13090 - 180140 - 250DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 31 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)560 700 31 +20/60-10/712.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35040 - 6050 - 8075 - 11580 - 160140 - 210DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 615

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.85 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Nb FNType of coatingBasicRecovery100 - 107%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 Nb B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4E347-15Seproz, TÜV0.04 0.4 1.7 19.5 10.2 0.07 0.61 5OK 61.85 is a basic coated, niobium stabilised electrode of the E347 type, specially designed for welding niobium ortitanium stabilised steels. OK 61.85 has outstanding welding properties in the vertical and overhead positions, making itparticularly suited for pipe welding.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 61.86 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Nb FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery98 - 101%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 9 Nb R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4E347-17Seproz

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)500600 0 C/16h: 5006206404040+20/100-60/70+20/80-60/402.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35055 - 8575 - 11080 - 150150 - 200DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 41 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)520 660 35 +20/55 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35060 - 9070 - 120120 - 170DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)550 730 35 +20/60 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 9070 - 11085 - 150DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V1 2 3 4 61 2 31 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)480 590 41 +20/56-20/461.6 x 3002.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 35015 - 4018 - 6025 - 8055 - 110DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 617

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 63.30 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery102%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 12 3 L R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4E316L-17CSA W48E316L-17ABS, BV, CE, CWB, DB, DNV, GL,LR, Seproz, TÜV0.02 0.8 0.6 18.1 11.0 2.7 0.10 6Extra low carbon stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the 18Cr 12Ni 2.8Mo-type. Also suitable for welding ofstabilised stainless steels of similar composition, exept when the full creep resistance of the base metal is to be met.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 63.34 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery100%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 12 3 L R 1 1AWS/SFA 5.4E316L-16CSA W48E316L-16CWB, Seproz, TÜV0.02 0.8 0.8 18.7 11.8 2.8 0.13 6OK 63.34 is a stainless electrode of the 19Cr12Ni2.8Mo type, designed for the vertical-down welding of steels of similarcomposition. OK 63.34 produces beads with a very good finish and a smooth transition to the joint edges. The slagvolume is fairly small and is easy to manipulate and easy to remove.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 63.35 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FNType of coatingBasicRecovery105%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600E 19 12 3 L B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4E316L-15CSA W48E316L-15ABS, CWB, Seproz, TÜV0.04 0.4 1.6 18.3 12.6 2.7 0.06 4Stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the CrNiMo 17-12-3 type. It can also be used for welding certain airhardening steels, e.g. armour steels. Very suitable for cryogenic applications. Requirement for lateral expansion0.38mm at -196 C can be produced on request.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 63.41 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery150%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600E 19 12 3 L R 5 3AWS/SFA 5.4E316L-26CE, DNV, LR, TÜV0.03 0.8 0.7 18.2 12.5 2.8 0.09 4High-efficiency low carbon stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the type 18 Cr 12 Ni 2-3 Mo.18

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)460 570 40 +20/60-20/55-60/431.6 x 3002.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35030 - 4545 - 6545 - 9060 - 12570 - 190100 - 280DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)440 600 40 +20/65-120/382.5 x 3003.2 x 35070 - 9080 - 130DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)430 560 40 +20/95-60/75-120/60-196/352.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35055 - 8580 - 12080 – 180DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)470 570 35 +20/60-60/522.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 4505.0 x 45060 - 9080 - 130110 - 180170 - 240DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 31 2 31 219

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 63.80 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Nb FNType of coatingAcid RutileEN 1600: E 19 12 3 Nb R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E318-170.02 0.8 0.6 18.2 11.5 2.9 0.08 0.31 7Recovery110%Redrying350°C/2hCE, Seproz, TÜVAcid rutile covered MMA-electrode for welding Nb or Ti stabilised steels of the CrNiMo 18-12-3 type.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 63.85 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Nb FNType of coatingBasicRecovery115%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600E 19 12 3 Nb B 4 2AWS/SFA 5.4E318-15Seproz, TÜV0.04 0.5 1.6 17.9 13.0 2.7 0.06 0.55 4Basic MMA-electrode for welding Nb-stabilised stainless steels of 18Cr 12Ni 3Mo-type.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 64.30 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileEN 1600: E 19 13 4 N L R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E317L-170.02 0.7 0.7 18.4 13.1 3.6 0.08 8Recovery103 - 110%Redrying350°C/2hSeproz, TÜVOK 64.30 is an acid-rutile electrode for welding 19Cr 13Ni 3.5Mo (317L) austenitic stainlesssteels. The high Mo content provides better resistance to acid and pitting corrosion compared with 316L types.OK 64.30 is easy to weld in all positions and gives smooth runs on both AC and DCClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 64.63 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery114- 116%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600: E 18 16 5 N L R 3 2TÜV0.04 0.4 2.5 17.8 16.4 4.7 0.17 0OK 64.63 is a stainless electrode which deposits a fully austenitic (non-magnetic) weld metal of the CrNiMo type withvery good corrosion resistance. It has excellent welding characteristics in all positions apart from vertical down.20

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)507 614 38 +20/55-60/412.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35045 - 6560 - 9080 - 120120 - 170DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)490 640 35 +20/65-120/452.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35050 - 8065 - 12075 - 160145 - 210DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)480 600 30 +20/45 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8060 - 12080 - 170DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)480 640 35 +20/75 3.2 x 3504.0 x 35080 - 110110 - 150DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 61 2 321

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.13 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasic RutileRecovery95 - 100%Redrying250°C/2hEN 1600: E 25 20 R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E310-16 0.12 0.5 1.9 25.6 20.5 0OK 67.13 is an austenitic, stainless-steel electrode for welding 25Cr20Ni steels. The weld metal resists scaling up to atemperature of 1100-1150°C and does not contain any measureable ferrite. OK 67.13 can also be used for welding certainair-hardening steels such as armour plate and for welding stainless to unalloyed steel.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.15 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicEN 1600: E 25 20 B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E310-150.10 0.4 2.0 25.7 20.0 0Recovery100 - 105%Redrying200°C/2hCE, DB, Seproz, TÜVBasic coated MMA-electrode for welding 25Cr 20Ni-steels. Also suitable for welding armour steels, austeniticmanganese steels and for joining dissimilar steels.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.20 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery105%Redrying250°C/2hEN 1600: E 23 12 2 L R 1 1AWS/SFA 5.4: (E309LMo-16) 0.02 1.1 0.8 22.9 13.1 2.9 0.13 15Austenitic stainless steel electrode producing a weld metal with less than 5% ferrite. The tough weld metal has excellentcrack resistance, even when welding steels with very poor weldability. Suitable for joining 12-14% manganese steel toitself or other steels. Also suitable for depositing buffer layers before hardfacing.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.43 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingRutile BasicRecovery95 - 100%EN 1600: E 18 8 Mn B 1 2EN 14 700: EFe10AWS/SFA 5.4: (E307-16)CE, DB, Seproz, TÜV0.08 0.8 5.4 18.4 9.1 0Redrying350°C/2hAustenitic stainless steel MMA-electrode giving a weld metal of the CrNiMn-type. The weld metal, which contains a smallamount of uniformly distributed ferrite, is tough and has an excellent crack resistance. Suitable for joining 13%Mn typesteels to other steels. Also suitable for welding other steels with very poor weldability.22

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)560 600 35 +20/60 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35050 - 8565 - 12070 - 160150 - 220DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)410 590 35 +20/100 2.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35045 - 5550 - 8560 - 11570 - 160130 - 200DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 31 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)480 640 35 +20/60 2.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 35030 - 6050 - 8075 - 110DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)440 630 35 +20/80 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 45060 - 8090 - 115100 - 150130 - 210DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 31 2 323

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.45 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingLime BasicEN 1600: E 18 8 Mn B 4 2AWS/SFA 5.4: (E307-15)0.09 0.3 6.3 18.8 9.1 < 5Recovery100%Redrying200°C/2hABS, Seproz, TÜVAustenitic stainless steel electrode producing a weld metal with less than 5% ferrite. The tough weld metal has excellentcrack resistance, even when welding steels with very poor weldability. Suitable for joining 12-14% Mn type steels to itselfor other steels. Also suitable for depositing buffer layers before hardfacing.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.50 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery103 - 108%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E2209-17CSA W48:E2209-17ABS, BV, CE, CWB, DNV, GL,RINA, Seproz, TÜV0.03 0.9 1.0 22.6 9.0 3.0 0.16 35Acid rutile coated MMA electrode for welding of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels of CrNiMoN 22 5 3 and CrNiN23 4-types.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.51 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileEN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L R 5 3AWS/SFA 5.4: E2209-260.03 0.8 0.7 22.7 8.9 3.0 0.16 40Recovery142%Redrying350°C/2hDNVHigh recovery stainless electrode for welding ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels, e.g. UNS S31803 or similar. Alsoexcellent for joining duplex to CMn steels.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.52 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingZirconium BasicRecovery170 - 190%EN 1600: E 18 8 Mn B 8 3AWS/SFA 5.4: (E307-25)EN 14 700: E Fe10Seproz0.09 0.9 7.0 17.7 8.5 < 3Redrying350°C/2hSynthetic high efficiency stainless steel electrode of the 18Cr8Ni6Mn-type for repair welding and joining 13% Mn-steel,welding steels of reduced weldability, cladding carbon steels etc.24

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)470 605 35 +20/85 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 45050 - 8070 - 10080 - 140150 - 200DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)690 857 25 +20/50-30/412.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35030 - 6550 - 9080 - 12090 - 160150 - 220DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 41 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)645 800 25 +20/50 2.5 x 3003.2 x 35060 - 10080 - 130DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 61 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)420 630 45 +20/70 2.5 x 3503.2 x 4504.0 x 4505.0 x 45090 - 115120 - 165150 - 240200 - 340DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V1 2 3 4 61 21 2125

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.53 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingRutileEN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4: (E2209-16)0.03 1.0 0.7 23.7 9.3 3.4 0.16 35Recovery97 - 105%Redrying350°C/2hDNV, TÜVOK 67.53 is a rutile coated electrode designed for welding ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel pipes, e g UNS 31803and 1.4462. The electrode has a thin coating which is ideal for root runs and positional welding.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.55 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicEN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L B 2 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E2209-150.03 0.7 1.0 23.2 9.4 3.2 0.17 40Recovery102 - 106%Redrying200°C/2hDNV, Seproz, TÜVOK 67.55 is a basic coated electrode specially designed for the welding of duplex stainless steel, e.g. UNS S31803. Thedeposited weld metal gives very high ductility down to -50°C/-60°C. Particularly suitable for welding duplex pipes in offshoreapplications.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.60 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery115%EN 1600: E 23 12 L R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E309L-17CSA W48: E309L-17CE, CWB, Seproz, TÜV0.03 0.8 0.9 23.7 12.4 0.09 15Redrying350°C/2hAcid-rutile coated MMA electrode giving an over-alloyed weld metal. Suitable for welding stainless steel to mild and lowalloyed steels. Also suitable for welding transition layers when surfacing mild steel with stainless steel weld metal.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.62 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingRutileEN 1600: E Z 23 12 L R 7 3AWS/SFA 5.4: E309-260.04 0.8 0.6 23.7 12.7 0.09 15Recovery170 - 175%Redrying350°C/2hBV, DNV, GL, LR, Seproz, TÜVOK 67.62 is a synthetic, stainless, high recovery electrode of the 24Cr12Ni type for welding stainless steel to unalloyedsteel. The composition is balanced to produce good crack resistance when welding stainless steel to mild steel. Thebead appearance is outstanding in both butt welds and fillet welds.26

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)660 840 25 +20/56 2.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 35025 - 6030 - 8070 - 110DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)650 800 28 +20/100-20/85-60/652.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8060 - 10080 - 140DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)470 580 32 +20/50-10/402.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35045 - 6545 - 9065 - 12085 - 180110 - 250DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)440 560 36 +20/60-60/423.2 x 4504.0 x 4505.0 x 450110 - 165150 - 230200 - 310DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 31 2 31 2 327

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.70 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery106 - 110%Redrying350°C/2hEN 1600: E 23 12 2 L R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E309LMo-17CSA W48: E309LMo-17ABS, BV, CE, CWB, DNV, LR,RINA, Seproz, TÜV0.02 0.8 0.6 22.5 13.4 2.8 0.08 18Acid rutile MMA electrode giving an over-alloyed weld metal. Suitable for welding acid resistant stainless steels to mildand low-alloyed steels. Also suitable for welding buffer layers when surfacing mild steel with acid resistant stainless steelweld metal.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.71 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileEN 1600: E 23 12 2 L R 5 3AWS/SFA 5.4: E309LMo-260.04 0.9 0.9 22.9 13.3 2.6 0.08 15Recovery150%Redrying350°C/2hDNV, TÜVOK 67.71 is an over-alloyed, high recovery electrode for welding transition layers when surfacing mild steel with stainlessand joining stainless steel to other types of steel. The ferritic-austenitic weld metal is very crack resistant.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 67.75 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicEN 1600: E 23 12 L B 4 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E309L-150.04 0.3 0.2 23.5 12.9 0.06 15Recovery120%Redrying200°C/2hABS, DNV, LR, Seproz, TÜVOK 67.75 is a basic coated, stainless electrode for welding steels of the 24Cr13Ni type, for welding buffer layers whensurfacing mild steel with stainless, for joining dissimilar steels and welding root runs in the stainless side of clad steels.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.15 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingLime BasicRecovery108-118%EN 1600: E 13 B 4 2EN14 700: E Fe7AWS/SFA 5.4: E410-15Seproz0.04 0.4 0.3 12.9Redrying200°C/2hOK 68.15 is a stainless steel electrode which deposits a ferritic 13Cr weld metal. OK 68.15 is designed for welding steelsof similar composition, when CrNi-alloyed austenitic stainless steel electrodes cannot be used, e.g. when exposed toaggressive sulphuric gases. Depending on the welding parameters, the structure and consequently the mechanical propertiesof untreated weld metal can vary within relatively large limits.28

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)510 610 32 +20/50-20/352.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35040 - 6050 - 9060 - 12085 - 180110 - 250DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)500 620 35 +20/55-60/303.2 x 3504.0 x 4505.0 x 45060 - 130110 - 170170 - 230DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V1 2 31 2 31 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)470 600 35 +20/75-80/552.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8080 - 11080 - 150DC+1 2 31 2 31 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)370(PWHT: 750˚C/1h)520 25 2.5 x 3503.2 x 4504.0 x 45065 - 11590 - 160120 - 220DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 31 229

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.17 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingRutile BasicRecovery115 -118%EN 1600: E 13 4 R 3 2EN 14 700: E Fe7AWS/SFA 5.4: E410NiMo-16Seproz0.02 0.4 0.6 12.0 4.6 0.6Redrying350°C/2hA rutile-basic electrode for welding martensitic 13Cr4Ni-Mo type steelsClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.25 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicRecovery117 -121%EN 1600: E 13 4 B 4 2EN 14 700: E Fe7AWS/SFA 5.4: E410NiMo-15Seproz0.04 0.4 0.6 12.2 4.5 0.6Redrying350°C/2hBasic coated electrode for welding corrrosion resistant martensitic and martensitic-ferritic rolled, forged and cast steels,for example castings of 13Cr4NiMo-type.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.37 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicNF A 81-383: E Z 17.4.1.B 200.05 0.16 1.1 16.0 5.0 0.43Recovery120%Redrying250°C/2hBasic coated electrode for joining and repairing of corrosion resistant martensitic rolled, forged and cast steels, forexample hydro turbine runners of the 17Cr4Ni type.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.53 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasic RutileEN 1600: E 25 9 4 N L R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E2594-160.03 0.6 0.7 25.2 10.3 4.0 0.25 39Recovery106%Redrying250°C/2hDNV, Seproz, TÜVOK 68.53 is a coated electrode for welding austenitic-ferritic steels of super duplex types, e.g. SAF 2507 and Zeron 100.It has good welding characteristics in all positions and the slag is easily detachable.30

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)650(PWHT: 600˚C/2h +600˚C/8h)870 17 +20/45-10/45-40/402.5 x 3503.2 x 3504.0 x 45055 - 10065 - 13590 - 190DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)680(PWHT: 600˚C/8h)900 17 +20/650/60-20/553.2 x 4504.0 x 4505.0 x 45090 - 150110 - 190140 - 250DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)710(PWHT: 600˚C/3h)950 14 2.5 x 3503.2 x 4504.0 x 45055 - 80100 - 120135 - 170DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)700 850 30 -40/40 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35055 - 8570 - 11080 - 150DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 631

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.55 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicEN 1600: E 25 9 4 N L B 4 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E2594-150.03 0.6 0.9 25.2 10.4 4.3 0.24 45Recovery107 - 109%Redrying250°C/2hDNVOK 68.55 is a basic coated electrode for welding austenitc-ferritic steels of the super duplex type, e. g. SAF 2507 andZeron 100. OK 68.55 deposits a weld metal with high ductility.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.81 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery125%EN 1600: E 29 9 R 3 2EN 14 700: E Fe11AWS/SFA 5.4: E312-17Seproz0.13 0.7 0.9 28.9 10.2 50Redrying350°C/2hHigh recovery, high alloy stainless electrode of unusual versatility, giving a ferritic-austenitic duplex weld metal with anapproximate ferrite content of FN 50. The weld metal is resistant to stress corrosion attack and highly insensitive to dilutionfrom the parent metal. Good scaling resistance up to 1150 °C. Typical applications: joining of HWT steels, dissimilar steels,surfacing rails, rolls, alforging dies, hot work tools, dies for plastics etc.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 68.82 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery105%EN 1600: E 29 9 R 3 2EN 14 700: E Fe11AWS/SFA 5.4: (E312-17)Seproz0.13 1.1 0.6 29.1 9.9 50Redrying300°C/2hHigh alloy stainless electrode of unusual versatility, giving a ferritic-austenitic duplex weld metal with an approximateferrite content of FN 50. The weld metal is resistant to stress, corrosion attack and highly insensitive to dilution from theparent metal. Good scaling resistance up to 1150 °C. Applications: joining of HWT steels, dissimilar steels, welding steelsof poor weldability eg spring steels, surfacing rails, rolls forging die hot work tools, die for plastics, etc.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 69.25 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingBasicRecovery115 - 117%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600: E 20 16 3 Mn N L B 4 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E316LMn-15 0.04 0.5 6.5 19.0 16.0 3.0 0.15 < 0.5Basic coated stainless electrode for welding corrosion resistant, non-magnetic and cryogenic stainless steels.The electrode gives a fully austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo weld metal with increased Mn- and N-content.32

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)700 900 28 +20/90-40/55-60/452.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8060 - 100100 - 140DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)610 790 22 +20/30 2.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35040 - 6050 - 8560 - 12580 - 175150 - 240DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 31 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)500 750 23 +20/40 2.0 x 3002.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35040 - 6050 - 8555 - 12075 - 170140 - 230DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 31 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)450 650 35 +20/90-196/502.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8070 - 100100 - 140DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 633

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 69.33 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Cu FNType of coatingBasic-RutileRecovery110 - 120%Redrying250°C/2hEN 1600: E 20 25 5 Cu N L R 3 2AWS/SFA 5.4: E385-16 0.03 0.5 1.0 20.5 25.5 4.8 0.08 1.7 0OK 69.33 is a stainless steel electrode which deposits a fully austenitic weld metal with increased resistance tosulphuric acid. The weld metal of OK 69.33 also has good resistance to intergranular and pitting corrosion.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 310Mo-L C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FNType of coatingAcid RutileRecovery100%Redrying200°C/2hEN 1600: E 25 22 2 N L R 1 2AWS/SFA 5.4: (E310Mo-16) 0.038 0.4 4.4 24.2 21.7 2.4 0.14 0Rutile-basic electrode for the joining and cladding of steel containing 25% Cr 22% Ni 2% Mo N.The weld metal has an excellent resistance to very agressive corrosive media, such as in urea plants.The fully austenitic weld metal is insensitive to hot cracking. OK 310Mo-L is approved for the construction andrepair of urea plants using the stamicarbon process. The electrode is regularly used for routine repair works on AISI316L in urea plants to gain superior resistance to corrosive attack.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.05 C Si Mn Cr Ni Ti Al FeType of coatingLime BasicRecovery90%Redrying250°C/2hEN ISO 14 172: E Ni 2061 (NiTi3)AWS/SFA 5.11: ENi-1 0.04 0.7 0.4 96 1.5 0.10 0.4A stick electrode for joining commercially pure nickel in wrought and cast forms. Also for joining dissimilar metalssuch as nickel to steel, nickel to copper and copper to steel. The electrode can also be used for surfacing steel.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.15 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Nb FeType of coatingBasicRecovery110%EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6133(NiCr16Fe12NbMo)AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrFe-2ABS, Seproz0.03 0.45 2.7 16.1 69 1.9 1.9 7.7Redrying250°C/2hNickel based electrode for welding Inconel 600 and similar alloys, cryogenic steels (e.g. 9% and 5% Ni steel),martensitic to austenitic steels, dissimilar steels, heat resisting steel castings of limited weldability etc. Goodweldability in all positions, including overhead.34

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)400 575 35 +20/80-140/452.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35060 - 8585 - 13095 - 180160 - 240DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 41 21 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)442 623 34 +20/54 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3004.0 x 30055 - 7070 - 100100-140DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)330 470 30 2.5 x 3003.2 x 35070 - 9590 - 135DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)420 660 45 +20/110-196/902.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 8070 - 10595 - 140DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 635

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.18 C Si Mn Ni FeType of coatingBasic SpecialEN ISO 1071: E C Ni-CI 3AWS/SFA 5.15: ENi-CI1.0 0.6 0.8 94 4Recovery105 - 107%Redrying200°C/2hSeprozA nickel-cored electrode for joining normal grades of cast iron, such as grey, ductile and malleable irons. It is alsosuitable for the rectification and repair of these grades and for joining them to steel. Deposition is done on cold orslightly preheated cast iron. Weld metal is well machinable.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.26 C Si Mn Cr Ni Nb FeType of coatingBasicRecovery110%EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6182(NiCr15Fe6Mn)AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrFe-3ABS, Seproz0.03 0.5 6.6 15.8 66.9 1.7 8.8Redrying200°C/2hBasic nickel-based electrode for welding Inconel 600 and similar Inconel alloys, cryogenic steels, martensitic toaustenitic steels, dissimilar steels, heat resisting steel castings of limited weldability.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.35 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo W FeType of coatingRutile basicRecovery185-190%Redrying350°C/2hEN 14 700: E Z Ni2AWS/SFA 5.11: (ENiCrMo-5) 0.05 0.5 0.9 15.5 57.5 16.4 3.5 5.5Nickel-based electrode for welding Inconel 600 and similar Inconel alloys, cryogenic steels, martensitic to austeniticsteels, dissimilar steels, heat resisting steel castings of limited weldability.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.45 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Nb FeType of coatingBasicRecovery94 - 105%EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6625(NiCr22 Mo9NbAWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrMo-3Seproz, TÜV0.03 0.4 0.2 21.7 63 9.3 3.3 2.0Redrying200°C/2hOK 92.45 is a NiCrMoNb-based electrode for welding nickel alloys of the same or similar type, like Inconel 625, andfor welding 5Ni and 9Ni steel. OK 92.45 is also suitable for welding UNS S31254 steel.36

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)300 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35055 - 11080 - 140100 - 190AC/DC+/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)410 640 40 +20/100-196/802.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35050 - 7065 - 10575 - 150120 - 170DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)515 750 17 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35065 - 110110 - 150160 - 200190 - 250DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V1 21 21 21 2Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)500 780 35 +20/70-196/502.5 x 3503.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35055-7565-10080-140120-170DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 437

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.55 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo W Nb FeType of coatingBasicRecovery136%EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6620(NiCr14Mo7Fe)AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrMo-6ABS, BV, DNV0.05 0.3 3.0 12.9 69.4 6.2 1.6 1.3 5.0Redrying300°C/1-2hOK 92.55 is an all-positional, basic coated electrode which deposits a NiCr-based alloy with additions of Mo, Wand Nb. The electrode is specifically designed for welding 9%Ni steels for cryogenic applications down to -196°C.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.58 C Si Mn Ni Al FeType of coatingBasic SpecialEN ISO 1071: E C NiFe-CI-A 1AWS/SFA 5.15: ENiFe-CI-A1.5 0.7 0.8 51 1.4 46Recovery105%Redrying200°C/2hSeprozA nickel-iron cored electrode for joining normal grades of cast iron, such as grey, ductile and malleable irons. It isalso suitable for the rectification and repair of these grades and for joining them to steel. Deposition is done on coldor slightly preheated cast iron. Weld metal is well machinable. The electrode produces a weld metal stronger andmore resistant to solidification cracking than that of the nickel electrode type, also used for welding of cast iron.Because of this, it is specially used for high duty welds in ductile irons and for welding grey irons with increasedcontents of sulphur and phosphorous.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.59 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo W FeType of coatingBasicRecovery100%Redrying200°C/2hEN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6059(NiCr23Mo16)AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrMo-130.01 0.2 0.2 22 61 15.2 0.25 0.8OK 92.59 is designed for welding of Alloy 59, C-276 and 625 Ni-base materials. Also for welding superausteniticsteels type AISI/ASTM S31254 and S32654.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.60 C Si Mn Ni Fe Cu AlType of coatingBasic SpecialEN ISO 1071: E C NiFe-1 3AWS/SFA 5.15: ENiFe-CI0.9 0.5 0.6 53 4.4 0.9 0.4Recovery110%Redrying200°C/2hSeprozA nickel-iron electrode for welding normal grades of cast iron and for joining these to steel. A special iron jacketedNi-core wire gives the electrode a good current carrying capacity. The weld metal is stronger and more resistant tosolidification cracking than pure nickel electrode types.38

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)>690 >35 -196/>70 2.5 x 3503.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35065-11570-150120-200150-240DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 31 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)375 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35055 - 7570 - 10085 - 160DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)430 770 40 -60/70-196/602.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 7060 - 9080 -120DC+1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)380 560 >15 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 3505.0 x 35060 - 10080 - 150100 -200150 - 250DC+/AC/min. OCV: 45V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 31 2 339

Covered electrodes for MMA weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.78 C Mn Ni Cu FeType of coatingBasic SpecialEN ISO 1071: E C NiCu 10.35 0.9 65 32 2.2Recovery95%Redrying80°C/2hA nickel-copper cored electrode of monel type for welding normal grades of cast iron such as grey, ductile andmalleable irons. Deposition is done on cold or slightly preheated material. The weld metal is well machinable andthe colour is very similar to that of cast iron.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 92.86 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu Fe TiType of coatingBasicRecovery105%EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 4060(NiCu30Mn3Ti)AWS/SFA 5.11:ENiCu7Seproz0.01 0.3 2.1 66 29 1.6 0.2Redrying200°C/2hA nickel-copper electrode for welding NiCu alloys to themselves and to steels and for corrosion-resistant surfacing.The weld metal of OK 92.86 is crack resistant and ductile and meets rigorous requirements relating to corrosionresistance in sea water and in reducing and oxidising acids. OK 92.86 is used for welding corrosion-resistant Monelalloys within the petroleum and ammonium sulphate industry and in power plants.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK 94.25 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu SnType of coatingBasicRecovery95%Redrying300°C/2hDIN 1733: EL-CuSn7Seproz0.35 93 6.5Electrode for welding copper and bronzes, especially tin bronzes. It is also suited for cladding steels and for smallerrepair work on weldable cast iron.ESAB MMA electrodes for positionalwelding of thin stainless pipe and sheetESAB introduces three new rutile MMAelectrodes with excellent all-positions arccontrol at very low welding currents -OK 61.20, OK 63.20 and OK 67.53.They have been developed in co-operationwith the petrochemical and paper and pulpindustry - in response to the increasing useof thin-walled stainless pipe and sheet toextend the lifecycle of installations. They arealso applied in the petrochemical, energyand food processing industries.Stable arc at low currentsA stable, soft arc at very low current andvoltage makes them suitable for both up-• Productive welding• Reduced post weld cleaning• Good corrosion resistancein demanding environments40

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)325 15 2.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 10060 - 12590 -140DC+/AC/min. OCV: 45V1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 6Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)410 640 40 +20/100-196/802.5 x 3003.2 x 3504.0 x 35050 - 7070 - 120120-140DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V1 2 3 4 61 2 3 4 61 2 3Typical mechanical properties all weld metal Diameter x length Current Welding positionsR p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J) (mm x mm) (A)235 360 25 +20/25 2.5 x 3503.2 x 3504.0 x 35060 - 9090 - 125125-170DC+1 2 3 41 2 3 41 2 3 4and downhill welding of pipes with a wallthickness in the region of 2 mm. The slagsystem allows a long pull-out length,reducing electrode change time loss.Low spatter, good slag release and goodwetting minimise time loss in post-weldcleaning. Corrosion resistance meets therequirements of demanding environmentsfound in, for example, the petrochemicaland shipbuilding industries.OK 61.20 used for the vertical down welding of water supply piping in the pipeshop at a paper and pulp plant (AISI 304, 2.5 mm wall thickness).The remote control on the CaddyArc portable inverter is used to prevent burn-through by controlling the arc which is directed at the root of thejoint. Welding is carried out in the two o‘clock position while the pipe is rotated upwards, manually.41

Solid wires for MIG WeldingWelding DataMIG welding can be performed with threetechniques; short arc (dip transfer), sprayarc and pulsed welding. Short arc welding isused for thin materials, for root runs inthicker materials and for positional welding.Short arc welds are made with lower voltageand current settings than spray arc welds.Metal is transferred across a short arc to themolten pool by short-circuiting droplets.In spray arc welding, metal transfer occursas a fine spray of droplets, which do notshort-circuit the arc. This technique is moreproductive and is best suited for downhandwelding of material with thickness of 3 mmand upward.In pulsed arc welding, the metal transfer iscontrolled by a suitable voltage pulse, whichis super-imposed onto the constant basevoltage. This creates an artificial spray arcwith one drop of metal per pulse within thenormal short arc range. The average currentis significantly lower than in ordinary sprayarc welding; an obvious benefit whenwelding many types of stainless steels.Pulsed arc welding can be used in allpositions and controls the heat input.Shielding gasIn addition to general shielding of the arcand weld pool, the shielding gas performs anumber of important functions:• forms the arc plasmaCurrent and voltage recommendations.Diam, mm Arc voltage, V Current, A0.8 16-22 50-1401.0 16-24 80-1901.2 20-28 180-2801.6 24-28 250-350• stabilises the arc root on the materialsurface• ensures smooth transfer of moltendroplets from the wire to the weld poolThus, the shielding gas will have asubstantial effect on the stability of the arcand metal transfer and the behaviour of theweld pool, in particular, its penetration.General purpose shielding gases for MIGwelding are mixtures of argon, oxygen andcarbon dioxide, and special gas mixturesmay contain helium. The gases, which arenormally used for stainless, are:• argon + 1 - 2% oxygen• argon + 2 - 3% carbon dioxide• argon + helium + carbon dioxide +hydrogenAn inert gas alone, argon or an argon +helium mixture is only recommended forwelding high nickel-alloyed steels andnickel-based alloys.When MIG welding stainless steel, the arc isvery unstable with inert gas alone. A smallquantity of oxygen or carbon dioxide in theargon shield improves the arc stability as wellas the fluidity and wetting of the weld metal.The addition also minimises undercut, whichis a problem when welding with argon alone.In the case of welding ELC steels (steelswith a maximum of 0.03 % carbon) anincrease in the carbon content is notpermitted. Generally, argon with up to 5%CO 2behaves in a neutral manner, but apossible increase in carbon content whenwelding ELC steels should be taken intoaccount. Argon with 2% carbon dioxideadds about 0.01% carbon to the weld metalwhen welding with spray arc transfer.A four gas mixture can offer advantages in42

short arc welding. Helium in the gas mixturecan give better shielding in positionalwelding and also improves penetration.However, hydrogen in the shielding gasmust be avoided when welding a nonaustenitic stainless steel.Delivery formsMost OK Autrod wires are available onstandard spools, No. 98-0 (EN 759: BS 300)with an outer diameter of 300 mm. Netweight of the spool is 15 kg. The wire isprecision wound and the spool is usedwithout adapter. Some grades in smallerdiameters are also available in 5 kg spools,No. 46 (EN 759: S200), a plastic spool withan outer diameter of 200 mm.Wire diameters available are 0.8, 0.9, 1.0,1.2 and 1.6 mm.Matt wireThe most common grades are producedwith a matt wire surface, due to a specialmanufacturing process. This techniqueproduce wires that give a better weldingquality, greater arc stability and higherproduction output. Because themanufacturing process produces a wire withimproved stiffness, a more constant currentflow without voltage fluctuations is obtained.The matt surface is finished with a specialfeed-aid that does not accumulate within thefeeding system or welding gun.ESAB matt stainless steel MIG wireThe majority of wires are also available inESAB bulk wire system, Marathon Pac.This package promotes lean manufacturingthrough reduced downtime, process stabilityand efficient consumables handling. It saveson handling time and spool disposal costs.Marathon Pac has built in lifting straps and arange of accessories that simplify on-sitehandling from goods-in to workstation. Onceempty, the octagonal drum packs flat tosave space and ease disposal. The Pac isalso 100% recyclable. The table on thispage reviews the complete Marathon Pacfamily.The Marathon Pac familyDescription Weight W x HMini MarathonPacStandardMarathon PacJumboMarathon Pac100 kg, 513 x 500 mm250 kg, 513 x 830 mm475 kg, 595 x 935 mmMarathon Pac can also be delivered inEndless Pac, this is two standard, or twoJumbo Pacs, joined together. Before theMarathon Pac finishes, the wire from asecond Pac is joined to the first, using aspecial butt welding device. The cleverchangeover mechanism then automaticallytransfers the feed from the first drum intothe second drum while the robot continuesto weld faultlessly.43

Solid wires for MIG/MAG weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Autrod 308H C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN ISO 14343G 19 9 HAWS/SFA A5.9ER308H0.04 0.4 1.8 19.5 9 Tot

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Autrod 309MoL C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN ISO 14343G 23 12 2 L0.01 0.3 1.8 21.5 14.5 2.6 Tot

Solid wires for MIG/MAG weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Autrod 318Si C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN ISO 14343G 19 12 3 NbSiAWS/SFA 5.4E316L-16DB, TÜV0.08Cu0.10.8Nb0.71.5 19 12 2.7

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Autrod 430Ti C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Ti Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 12072G Z 17 Ti 0.09 0.9 0.4 18 0.3 0.1 0.3 Tot

Solid wires for MIG/MAG weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Autrod 19.81 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 18274S Ni 6059 (NiCr23Mo16)AWS/SFA 5.14ERNiCrMo-13TÜVClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Autrod 19.82 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 18274S Ni 6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14ERNiCrMo-3TÜV, DNV0.002Co0.020,01Cu

Welding of exhaust systems.Today’s automotive exhaust systems can bedivided into two parts. The hot end includesthe exhaust manifold, downpipe, flexiblecoupling and catalytic converter. The coldend includes the resonator, intermediatepipe, silencer and tail pipe. The ferritic 11%Cr alloys are popular choices for manyexhaust components and systems.However, for the long-term durability, thehigher chromium (17–20% Cr) ferriticstainless steel grades are often used.Welding stations may be designed forsemiautomatic, mechanised, or fully roboticwelding applications. The MIG/MAG-processusing solid or metal cored stainless wireshas evolved as one of the favourites forwelding automotive exhaust systems.Although today’s car fuels are very low insulphur, a certain amount of sulphur dioxideremains present in the exhaust gases.Together with the condense water, it formssulphurous or sulphuric acid that deposits inthe exhaust system. Ferritic stainless steelsresist these acids very well, and have goodheat resistance. They are increasinglypreferred over austenitic stainless steels forexhaust systems, table 1.Ferritic stainless steels are sensitive to theheat cycle generated by welding. Graingrowth and hardening due to martensiteformation can reduce the toughness of thesteel and increase the risk of cracking in theheat-affected zone of the weld. This can beavoided by using special filler materials andthe correct welding procedure.• In general, preheating is needed when thecarbon content of the steel is above0.08% and the thickness of the steelexceeds 3mm.• Welding should be carried out with thelowest possible heat input (pulsed arc).• Un-stabilised steels require a post weldheat treatment at 700-750°C to avoidinter crystalline corrosion.• Steels stabilised with titanium or niobium(columbium) do not need a post weld heattreatment.Ferritic stainless steels can be welded witheither austenitic or ferritic filler materials. Theaustenitic filler metal composition 18 8Mn(1.4370/ER 307, see table 2) is commonlyapplied. However, this type of weldingconsumable is sensitive to corrosion insulphur containing media and can thereforeonly be used for exhaust systems whenextremely low sulphur content fuels areused. Ferritic filler materials, such as typeG13, G17 and G18 (EN440) provide theadvantages of fatigue strength and corrosionresistance. The thermal expansioncoefficient and the carbon content of bothsteel and weld metal are the same.Unfavourable stress peaks along the fusionline, and the diffusion of carbon, aretherefore avoided. ESAB offers acomprehensive range of filler materials forferritic stainless steels, see table 2.Table 1: ferritic stainless steels.W-Nr. Composition AISI/SAE1.4002 X6CrAl13 4051.4003 X2Cr11 -1.4006 X12Cr13 4101.4016 X6Cr17 4301.4511 X3CrNb17 -1.4512 X2Ti12 4091.4513 X2CrMoTi17-1 -Table 2: ESAB welding consumables for ferritic stainless steels.ESAB EN 12072 AWS A5.9OK Autrod 430LNb G Z 17 L Nb ER430LNbOK Autrod 430Ti G Z 17 Ti ER430OK Autrod 409Nb (G 13 Nb) ER409NbOK Autrod 16.95 G 18 8 Mn ER307OK Tigrod 430Ti WZ17Ti ER430OK Tigrod 16.95 W 18 8 Mn ER30749

Wires for TIG WeldingWelding DataStainless steel is TIG welded with directcurrent, straight polarity, i.e. with theelectrode negative. Pulsed arc welding canbe employed in order to obtain good controlof the heat input. This is particularlyadvantageous for welding thin stainless steelsheet and for positional welding. A generalrule for determining the arc current is 30-40A per mm of material thickness.TIG welding is particularly suitable for lightermaterials; metals as thin as 0.3 mm can bewelded successfully. For heavier materials,more than 5 to 6 mm thick, the TIG methodis sometimes used to make root runs beforefilling with MIG or covered electrodes.The electrode used in TIG welding ofstainless steel can be made of puretungsten or tungsten alloyed with thoriumoxideor lanthanum-oxide, which gives theelectrode a better current carrying capacitythan a pure tungsten electrode.Electrodes alloyed with zirconium arepreferably used for welding of aluminium.sometimes used in order to increase thewelding speed. For the same reason argonmay also be mixed with helium or even areducing gas. However, hydrogen is onlypermitted when the steel is austenitic.When pickling cannot be performed andwelding is done with non-slag electrodes forroot runs of single sided welds, the root sideof the weld must also be shielded from theatmosphere. If the gas shield is insufficientthe bead and surrounding metal will bebadly oxidised and possibly porous. Hereeither an inert gas or a reducing gas mixturecan be used. An example of a reducing gasmixture is hydrogen in nitrogen. The amountof hydrogen is small, only 5-10%.Sometimes it is practical to use the samegas for shielding and backing. It should betaken into account that nitrogen in thebacking gas can affect the ferrite content inthe weld. Nitrogen stabilises the austeniticstructure and the ferrite content in the weldshould not drop below two in order tominimise the risk for hot cracking.Shielding gasIn TIG welding, the inert gases argon and/orhelium are used. For manual TIG weldingpure argon is recommended. Formechanised TIG a pure helium gas isDelivery formsAll OK Tigrod rods are supplied in roundcardboard boxes with a net weight of 5 kg.This solution is a rigid fibre tube with aplastic lid that can be closed again afterbreaking the seal. The tube is PE-coatedand gives very good resistance againstmoisture. The the bottom is octagonal toprevent the tube from rolling when stored.Recommended current ranges.Diam, mmElectrodePure tungsten,Alloyed tungstenelectrode1.6 40-130 60-1502.4 130-230 170-2503.2 160-310 225-3304.0 275-450 350-48050

Wires for TIG weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tigrod 308H C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 12072W 19 9 HAWS/SFA A5.9ER308H0.05 0.4 1.8 20 9.3

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tigrod 309MoL C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 12072W 23 12 2 L0.01 0.3 1.6 22 14.5 2.7 Tot

Wires for TIG weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tigrod 318Si C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 12072W 19 12 3 NbSiDB, TÜV0.04Cu0.10.8Nb0.51.5 19 12 2.5

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tigrod 16.95 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 12072W 18 8 Mn0.08 0.7 6.5 18.5 8.5 0.1

Wires for TIG weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tigrod 19.85 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 18274S Ni 6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14ERNiCr-3TÜV0,02Cu130A bare nickel based rod alloyed with about 3% Ti for the welding of high purity nickel (min 99.6 % Ni), ordinary wrought nickel andnickel with reduced C content. The weld metal can be used in a wide range of applications involving corrosive media.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tigrod 19.93 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)EN 18274S Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti)AWS/SFA 5.14ERNiCu-7TÜV0.03Cu280.3Al0.033Ti2Ta0.0164Fe2Tot

Orbital-TIG – a great way to join pipesESAB supplies a complete range of orbitalTIG-equipment, including power, for themechanised welding of pipes. Althoughpipes have been welded using mechanisedsystems since the 1960’s, the TIG-processstill accounts for a considerable amount ofmanual welding. Yet, there are many goodreasons to explore the use of orbital TIGweldingfor applications ranging from singlerunwelding of thin-walled stainless pipes tomulti run welding of thick-walled pipes, andeven narrow-gap welding:• Young welders are difficult to recruit.• Operator ergonomics are improvedsignificantly.• Remote control and video control options.• Increased duty cycle - higher productivity.• Welding procedures repeatable - resultingin a consistent weld quality.• Good control of the heat input.Stationary vs. Orbital.There are two main categories ofmechanised welding systems:• Stationary: the welding head has a fixedposition while the pipe rotates.• Orbital: the pipe has a fixed horizontal orvertical position while the welding headrotates.Orbital-TIG clamp-on welders.Clamp-on pipe welding tools are used inorbital welding of small and medium-sizedpipes. The tools can be equipped with awire feeder. The maximum pipe diameterthat can be handled is around 200 mm.Tools bigger than this are impractical andunwieldy. The same type of welding tool canbe used to weld pipes within a specificdiameter range. The PRB/PRC clamp-onwelding tools, for example, cover thediameter ranges 17-49 mm, 33-90 mm and60-170 mm. Normally, pipe standards aretaken into consideration while designingwelding heads, in order to make the scopeof a single welding tool relatively broad.The clamp-on tool is locked onto the pipe inthe welding position by a single movementof the hand, using the “self-locking pliers”principle. PRC welding tools can also beprovided with the AVC function (AutomaticVoltage Control of the arc length) and with aweaving action mechanism - both needed inthe multi-run welding of thick-walled pipes.Clamp-on pipe welding tools can be eitheropen (open tools) or enclosed (closed tools).Enclosed heads cover the entire weld areawithin a space filled with shielding gas. Thisis to prevent the hot weld zone fromoxidation. These tools are used in for weldsrequiring extreme purity, such as pipes usedin the pharmaceutical industry or titaniumpipes. ESAB’s PRD 100 carriage isparticularly low (75 mm), which means that itwill fit into confined spaces. Welding headsfor narrow-gap welding of thick-walled pipesare also available.Narrow gap weldingNarrow-gap welding with orbital TIG weldersand special welding heads is a processadopted over recent years, figure 6. Bynarrowing the cross section of the joint, thejoint volume is reduced by a factor of 2-3,depending on the wall thickness, figure 7.The bevel angle of a conventional U-grooveis 10-20º, but in narrow-gap welding it is amere 2-6º. A narrow-gap weld is usuallymade by welding “bead-on-bead” - so onerun per layer.57

Tubular cored wires forMIG/MAG weldingTraditionally, the most popular processes forthe welding of stainless steels have beenmanual arc followed by MIG, TIG andsubmerged arc. Solid wire is faster thanmanual arc, but can lack appeal due tospatter levels, a heavily oxidised welddeposit or fusion defects related to lowcurrent positional welding using dip transfer.The use of TIG and submerged arc willcontinue due to their particular attributes forcertain applications. The range of availablecored wires offer the fabricator a genuineopportunity for increased quality andproductivity over solid wire MAG and manualarc electrodes.The benefits can be summarised as:• Up to 30% increase in weld metaldeposition rate over solid wire and fourtimes that of manual arc, resulting infaster welding speeds which in turnreduce distortion.• Wires to permit welding of all thecommon grades of stainless steels bothfor the downhand / horizontal-verticaland out of position welding.series have been especially designed toproduce superior operability for all-positionalwelding applications. Regardless of position,the weld deposit will be flat, which is aquality provided by the faster freezing slag.In having a rutile based slag system theyalways operate in the spray transfer modeand can be used at high currents and hencegive high deposition rates.Slag release is not a problem even in V buttjoints and when not totally self releasing, theslag can be removed with the very minimumof chipping. The spatter levels are almostnon-existent which allows for additionalsavings in cleaning time. This is due to theextremely stable arc action under spraytransfer conditions which ensures that themaximum possible efficiency is achievedfrom the wire. Typical efficiencies will be80-85% depending on the diameter andcurrent used.With regard to productivity, the 1.2mm typesare in excess of three times faster than3.2mm manual arc electrodes and almosttwice as fast as 0.9mm solid wires in thevertical position.• Moisture regain is minimal ensuring thatstart porosity is eliminated.• The rutile types are designed for usewith Ar/CO 2or CO 2shielding gas. Thelatter serves to reduce gas costs andradiated heat is also significantly lowergiving greater operator comfort.• Individual batch testing of weld metalcomposition means that the moststringent of quality standards are met.Shield-Bright Wire SeriesThe range of wires within the Shield-BrightShield-Bright X-tra Wire SeriesIt is not possible to produce a consumablethat operates with equal performance inevery position and the Shield-Bright X-trarange was introduced especially for weldingin the flat and horizontal vertical positions.This range complements the Shield-Brightrange by designation and composition toproduce an exceptional partnership forstainless steel welding.The Shield-Bright X-tra series can in fact beused for vertical upwards welding, but theirmore fluid slag, which is for optimumdownhand operation, does impose certain58

limitations. Single pass or narrow depositsare not possible using the vertical-uptechnique due to excessive heat build up.The weaving technique is excellent onthicker plate when there is greater heat sinkand additional dissipation from the weaving.Single passes for fillet welding and the rootareas of butt joints should be completedusing the vertical downwards technique, butthere is a reduction in depth of penetration.This technique is restricted to the 1.2mmsizes, and can also be used to advantagefor rapid welding of sheet material.The operability of the Shield-Bright X-trawires is exceptional combining extreme easeof use, high performance with regard tometal deposition and a weld appearancecomparable to the latest generation ofmanual arc electrodes. As with rutile basedC/Mn types the spray transfer mode is usedat all acceptable current levels even down to100A with the 1.2mm size. Such a facilityaffords high welding speeds, reducedoperator fatigue, better fusion and a low riskof defects when compared to solid wire.Although normally used at higher currentlevels than the Shield-Bright series, spatteris still virtually non-existent and the thin slagis generally self releasing leaving a brightsmooth weld finish. This is an obviousadvantage on fabrications wheresubsequent dressing and polishing isrequired, especially in the case of fillet joints.Shielding gasesA variety of shielding gases can be usedwith the flux cored types due to the greatertolerance available, although the higher theCO 2content the higher the carbon contentand the lower the alloy and ferrite content.However, the changes are marginal with Cincreasing by 0.01% and Cr decreasing by0.1% progressively between pure Ar throughto pure CO 2. The influence of shielding gason mechanical properties is also minimal tothe extent that the changes may bedisregarded. With regard to runningcharacteristics the CO 2content should notbe less than 20% as a lower content willproduce inferior arc manipulation.59

Tubular cored wires forMIG/MAG weldingClassifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 308L X-tra C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2 and 1.6EN ISO 17633-AT 19 9 L R C 3T 19 9 L R M 3AWS/SFA A5.22E308LT0-1E308LT0-40.02 0.9 1.4 19.6 9.9 0.1 0.15 410 580 40ABS, DNV, LR, TÜVShield-Bright 308L X-tra is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet)welding of stainless steels containing 18-20%Cr/8-12%Ni. In addition to the 304L and 308L varieties, it isalso suitable for welding the stabilised 321 and 347 types. Shield-Bright 308L X-tra has excellent weldabilityon conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. It is a "welderfriendly"wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detachedleaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlikesolid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wireprovides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metalsupports at a very high productivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 309L X-tra C Si Mn Cr N Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2 and 1.6EN ISO 17633-AT 23 12 L R C 3T 23 12 L R M 3AWS/SFA A5.22E309LT0-1E309LT0-40.03 0.8 1.4 24.5 12.5 0.1 0.10 480 600 35ABS, DNV, TÜVShield-Bright 309L X-tra is a rutile cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) weldingof stainless steels to carbon or low alloy steels and for the first layer cladding of carbon and low alloy steels.Shield-Bright 309L X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arcmode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a verysmooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced therefore time is savedon cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open jointscan be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 309LMo X-tra C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2EN ISO 17633-AT 23 12 2 L R C 3 0.03 0.8 1.2 23.5 13.5 2.5 0.10 550 690 30T 23 12 2 L R M 3AWS/SFA A5.22E309LMoT0-1E309LMoT0-4Shield-Bright 309LMo Xtra is a flux-cored, tubular wire for use in the downhand and horizontal-vertical positions,producing weld metal of the 309+ MoL type composition. The austenitic-ferritic weld deposit has anexceptionally high resistance to hot cracking when welding dissimilar steels. Applications of this kind includethe welding of buffer layers for acid-resistant clad steels and surfacing. It is also ideally suited to the welding ofmild and low-alloy steels to a wide range of stainless steels.Shield-Bright 309LMo X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arcmode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a verysmooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is savedon cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open jointscan be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.60

Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 316L X-tra C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2 and 1.6EN ISO 17633-AT 19 12 3 L R C 3T 19 12 3 L R M 3AWS/SFA A5.22E316LT0-1E316LT0-40.03 0.6 1.3 18.5 12 2.7 0.15 450 580 36ABS, LR, TÜVShield-Bright 316L X-tra is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet)welding of 316 low-carbon type 18-20Cr10-14Ni2-3Mo steels. The composition also ensures that the stabilisedtypes can be welded with equal success. Shield-Bright 316L X-tra has excellent weldability on conventionalnon-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire,always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean andflat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silicaislands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray qualitywelds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very highproductivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 317L X-tra C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2 and 1.6AWS/SFA A5.22E317LT0-1E317LT0-40.03 0.7 1.5 19.0 12.5 3.5 0.15 480 580 35Shield-Bright 317L X-tra is a rutile cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) weldingof 317 and 317L steels. Shield-Bright 317L X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing powersources with Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in thefavourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with goodpenetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are producedtherefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sidedroot runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 347 X-tra C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2EN ISO 17633-AT 19 9 Nb R M 3AWS/SFA A5.22E347T0-1E347T0-40.04Nb0.80.5 1.6 19 9.6 0.1 0.04 460 610 41Shield-Bright 347 X-tra is a rutile cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) welding of321 and 347 steels. Shield-Bright 347 X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sourceswith Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. It is a “welder-friendly” wire, always operating in the favourablespray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetrationand a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced thereforetime is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs inopen joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.61

Tubular cored wires forMIG/MAG weldingClassifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 308L C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2EN ISO 17633-AT 19 9 L P M 2 /T 19 9 L P C 2AWS/SFA A5.22E308LT1-1E308LT1-40.03 0.9 1.2 19 10 0.1 0.15 410 580 44ABS, CWB, TÜVShield-Bright 308L is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of stainless steels containing18-20%Cr/8-12%Ni. In addition to the 304L and 308L varieties, it is also suitable for welding the stabilised321 and 347 types. Shield-Bright 308L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources,using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positionalwelding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h inPF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag isself-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wettingonto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning thewelds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be weldedon ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 309L C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2EN ISO 17633-AT 23 12 L P C 2T 23 12 L P M 2AWS/SFA A5.22E309LT1-1E309LT1-40.03 0.9 1.3 24 12.5 0.1 0.10 480 600 35ABS, GL, TÜVA flux-cored, tubular wire depositing weld metal of the 309L type for use in all welding positions. Apart fromjoining these steels, the weld metal ferrite content ensures that it is suitable for dissimilar applications, as wellas joining difficult-to-weld steels. Shield-Bright 309L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsingpower sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metalin positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (upto 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode.The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smoothwetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved oncleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints canbe welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 309LMo C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+AWS/SFA A5.22E309LMoT1-1E309LMoT1-40.03 0.8 1.2 23.5 13.5 2.5 0.10 480 620 30Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2Shield-Bright 309LMo is a rutile cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 316 clad steels on thefirst pass in cladding steels or for welding dissimilar steels such as Mo containing austenitic steels to carbonsteels. Shield-Bright 309LMo has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources withAr/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional weldingallowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position).It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting oreasily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plateedges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. Thiscored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramicweld metal supports at high speeds.62

Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 316L C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2EN ISO 17633-AT 19 12 3 L P M 2 /T 19 12 3 L P C 2AWS/SFA A5.22E316LT1-1E316LT1-40.03 0.6 1.3 18.5 12 2.7 0.15 450 580 40ABS, CWB, TÜVShield-Bright 316L is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 316 low-carbon type18-20Cr10-14Ni2-3Mo steels. The composition also ensures that the stabilised types can be welded withequal success.. Shield-Bright 316L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources,using Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positionalwelding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h inPF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag isself-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wettingonto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning thewelds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be weldedon ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 317L C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2AWS/SFA A5.22E317LT1-1E317LT1-40.03 0.9 1.2 19.5 13.0 3.5 0.15 480 620 35Shield-Bright 317L is a rutile cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 317 and 317L stainless steels.Shield-Bright 317L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources with Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding allowingdeposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). Itis a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easilydetached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges.Unlike solid wires no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This coredwire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weldmetal supports at high speeds.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 347 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2or CO 2Size (mm)1.2AWS/SFA A5.22E347LT1-1E347LT1-40.03 0.9 1.2 19.5 10.0 0.1 0.10 520 650 35Shield-Bright 347 is a rutile cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 321 and 347 stainless steel.It can also be used for the welding of 302, 304 and sometimes 304L grades. Shield-Bright 347 has excellentweldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources with Ar/15-25%CO 2or pure CO 2shielding gas. Thefast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding allowing deposition rates that can not be equaledby stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operatingin the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat weldswith good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires no silica islands areproduced therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds.One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.63

Tubular cored wires forMIG/MAG weldingClassifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tubrod 14.27 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu N R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2Size (mm)1.2EN ISO 17633-AT 22 9 3 N L P M 2T 22 9 3 N L P C 2AWS/SFA A5.22E2209LT1-4 /E2209LT1-10.03 0.9 1.0 22.6 9 3 0.15 0.15 637 828 26ABS, DNV, LR, TÜVOK Tubrod 14.27 is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of duplex stainless steels. Ideallysuited for the all-positional welding of SAF 2205, FAL223, AF22, NK Cr22. and HY Resist 22/5 duplex steels. OKTubrod 14.27 has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2shieldinggas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not beequaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operatingin the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds withgood penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced,therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided rootruns in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tubrod 14.28 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu N R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutilePolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2Size (mm)1.20.03 0.6 0.9 25.2 9.2 3.9 0.15 0.25 700 870 18OK Tubrod 14.28 is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of super duplex stainless steels.The weld metal composition gives a high resistance to pitting corrosion. OK Tubrod 14.28 has excellent weldabilityon conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports theweld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires(up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode.The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wettingonto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning thewelds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded onceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalShield-Bright 410 NiMo C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeRutileAWS/SFA A5.22E410NiMoT1-4 0.01 0.7 0.5 11.3 4.1 0.5 0.03 760 900 17PolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/15-25%CO 2Size (mm)1.2 and 1.6Shield-Bright 410 NiMo is an all-positional cored wire designed for the fabrication and repair welding of peltonwheels and other hydro turbine components. It is for the welding of UNS S41 500 wrought stainless steeland other similar 13Cr4NiMo type castings. To be used with Ar/15-25%CO 2shielding gas. The fast freezingslag supports the weld metal in positional welding allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stickelectrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in thefavourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with goodpenetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires no silica islands are producedtherefore time is saved on cleaning the welds.64

Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tubrod 15.30 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeMetal coredEN ISO 17633-AT 19 9 L M M 20.02 0.7 1.3 18.8 9.8 0.1 0.10 340 550 45PolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/2%O 2Size (mm)1.2DB, TÜVOK Tubrod 15.30 is a stainless 308L grade metal cored wire designed for high deposition welding of 301, 302304 and 304L grades. The wire produces no slag, only small silica islands, and little spatter making it suitablefor mechanised and robotic welding. For welding in the spray mode of arc transfer with with Ar/2%O 2shieldinggas.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tubrod 15.31 C Si Mn Cr N Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeMetal coredEN ISO 17633-AT 19 12 3 L M M 20.02 0.7 1.2 17.6 11.6 2.7 0.10 416 575 37PolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/2%O 2Size (mm)1.2DB, DNV, LR, TÜVOK Tubrod 15.31 is a stainless 316L grade metal cored wire designed for high deposition welding. The wireproduces no slag, only small silica islands, and little spatter making it suitable for mechanised and roboticwelding. For welding in the spray mode of arc transfer with with Ar/2%O 2shielding gas.Classifications &approvalsTypical chemical compositionall weld metal (%)Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Tubrod 15.34 C Si Mn Cr N Mo Cu R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%)TypeMetal coredEN ISO 17633-AT 18 8 Mn M M 20.10 0.7 6.7 18.5 8.7 0.1 0.10 430 635 39PolarityDC+Shielding gasAr/2%O 2Size (mm)1.2DB, TÜVOK Tubrod 15.34 is a stainless 307 grade metal cored wire designed for the high deposition welding of armoursteel, austenitic-manganese steels and dissimilar steels. The wire produces no slag, only small silica islands,and little spatter making it suitable for mechanised and robotic welding. For welding in the spray mode of arctransfer with with Ar/2%O 2shielding gas.65

Construction of chemicaltankers with cored wiresThe ESAB series of cored wires for standardduplex stainless steel consist of the allpositiontype, OK Tubrod 14.27 and thedownhand type, OK Tubrod 14.37.They both provide fabricators with optimalwelding characteristics and productivity formanual or mechanised welding.OK Tubrod 14.27 is a very versatileconsumable, suited for all welding positions,including pipe welding in combination with theTIG process for rooting. Very fastvertical down welding of fillet welds is possiblefor parts that allow to be attached withoutsecure root penetration. Many fabricators willstandardise on this type, when the majority ofthe work involves positional welding.Both types have very clear advantagescompared with MMA and GMAW, reviewedbelow.Advantages over MMA• Higher productivity in general due tohigher duty cycle• Deposition rate in positional weldingalmost 3 times higher.• Very economic deposition of root passes,with less welder skill needed• No stub-end waste.Advantages over GMAW• Up to 150% higher productivity inpositional welding• Excellent performance with conventionalpower sources; no expensive pulsed arcequipment needed.• Use of normal 80%Ar/20%CO2 shieldinggas; use of expensive high Ar mixtures isavoided. Fabricators have an option tostandardise on one gas when weldingboth unalloyed and stainless steels.• Less oxidation of weld surface due toprotective action of slag• No grinding or sealing needed for thereverse side of the root66

Fluxes for submerged arc weldingDefinitionSubmerged are welding (SAW)is a method in which the heatrequired to fuse the metal isgenerated by an arc formed by anelectric current passing betweenthe electrode and the work-piece.A layer of granulated mineralmaterial, known as submergedarc welding flux, covers the tip ofthe welding wire, the arc and thework-piece. There is no visible arcand no sparks, spatter or fume.The electrode may be a solid orcored wire or a strip.SAW is normally a mechanisedprocess. The welding current,arc voltage, and travel speedall affect the bead shape, depthof penetration and chemicalcomposition of the depositedweld metal. Since the operatorcannot observe the weld pool,great reliance is placed onparameter setting and positioningof the electrode.Flux wire and strip packagesESAB delivers fluxes in 25 kgpaper bags, some types in 20kg paper bags. Each bag hasa polyethylene inlay in order toprevent the flux from moisturepick-up from the surroundingatmosphere. The palettes withflux bags again are protectedagainst moisture by wrap orshrink foil.For a more robust package ESABcan supply fluxes in steel bucketswith 25 to 30 kg flux. Bucketshave a soft rubber band in the lidwhich makes them moisture tight.packaging materials are nonreturnable,but fully recyclable.The strip electrodes are deliveredin cold rolled condition in 25 kgor 50 kg and 100 – 200 kg coilswith an inner diameter of300 mm. The standard thicknessis 0.5 mm with widths normally30, 60 and 90 mm.Other weight of coils ordimensions of strips are availableon request.The packing material isfully recyclable and thusenvironmentally friendly. Themajority of the bag packingmaterial is recycled as paper.Stainless and Ni based SAWwelding wires are usuallydelivered on 25 kg wire baskets.The SAW welding wires up 2.0mm can also be delivered in475 kg octagonal cardboarddrums, Marathon pac. Wire ispre-twisted for straight delivery.No decoiling stand needed. All67

Fluxes for submerged arc weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK Flux 10.05 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN OthersBasicity index1.1Density~ 0.7 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.6mmSlag typeSlightly BasicPolarityDC+Alloy transfernoneEN 760: SA CS 2 DCWith OK Band 309LEN 12072: S 23 12 LAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ309LTÜVWith OK Band 308L*EN 12072: S 19 9 LAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ308LWith OK Band 347*EN 12072: S 19 9 NbAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ347With OK Band 316L*EN 12072: S 19 12 3 LAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ316L*2nd layer on mild steel0.02 0.6 1.0 19.0 10.5 0.03 6*2nd layer on mild steel0.02 0.7 1.1 19.0 10.5 0.03 8 Nb=0.35*2nd layer on mild steel0.02 0.7 1.1 18.0 13.0 2.5 0.02 7TÜVOK Flux 10.05 is a aluminate basic, agglomerated flux designed for submerged strip cladding with Cr, CrNi, CrNiMo and stabilisedstainless strips of the AWS EQ300 type. OK Flux 10.05 is ESAB’s standard flux for internal overlay welding on mild or low alloyed steel.It has very good welding characteristics, gives a smooth bead appearance and easy slag removal. For chemical and petrochemicalplants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, nuclear power generation, pulp and paper, civil constructions, etc.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK Flux 10.06, OK Flux 10.06F C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN OthersBasicity index1.0Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.4mmSlag typeNeutralPolarityDC+Alloy transferCr, Ni andMo-alloyingEN 760: SA CS 2 CrNiMo DCWith OK Band 309L*EN 12072: S 23 12 LAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ309L*1rd layer cladded with OK Band 309L 0,5x60 mm and OK Flux 10.06F.0.03 0.6 0.8 18.6 11.9 2.5 0.05 6.7With OK Band 309L** **1rd layer cladded with OK Band 309L 0,5x90 mm and OK Flux 10.06.EN 12072: S 23 12 L0.03 0.6 0.8 18.6 11.9 2.5 0.05 6.7AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ309LOK Flux 10.06 and OK Flux 10.06F are neutral Cr, Ni and Mo-alloying agglomerated fluxes designed for submerged strip cladding athigh welding speed with an AWS EQ309L strip. They produce 316L overlay weld metal in one layer e.g. for internal overlay welding ofpaper fibre digester drums. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached, leaving a clean and flat overlay. OK Flux 10.06F is especiallydesigned for welding with 60 mm wide strip, OK Flux 10.06 for 90 mm wide strip. For chemical plants, paper production, storage tanks,etc.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK Flux 10.07 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN OthersBasicity index1.0Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.4mmSlag typeNeutralEN 760: SA CS 3 NiMo DCWith OK Band 430**2rd layer cladded with OK Band 430 0.5x60 mm.EN 12072: S 17 0.05 0.6 0.15 13.0 4.0 1.0OK Flux 10.07 is a neutral Ni and Mo-alloying agglomerated flux designed for submerged strip cladding with an AWS EQ430 stripproducing an overlay weld metal of 14Cr-4Ni-1Mo and a hardness of 370-420 HB. It produces a ferritic weld metal with an enhancedtoughness and cracking resistance during service. For cladding on shafts, pistons, continuous cast rolls and other parts of repair andmaintenance segment.PolarityDC+Alloy transferNi andMo-alloying68

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK Flux 10.10 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN OthersBasicity index4.0Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.2-1.0mmSlag typeHigh BasicPolarityDC+Alloy transfernoneEN 760: Not applicableWith OK Band 309L ESW*EN 12072: Not applicableAWS/SFA 5.9: Not applicableWith OK Band 309LNb ESW*EN 12072: Not applicableAWS/SFA Not applicable* 1rd layer, welded on 2.25Cr1Mo steel0.03 0.4 1.2 19.0 10.0 0.05 4* 1rd layer, welded on 2.25Cr1Mo steel0.03 0.4 1.3 19.0 10.0 0.05 4 Nb=0.4TÜVWith OK Band 309LMo ESW* * 1rd layer, welded on 2.25Cr1Mo steelEN 12072: Not applicable 0.03 0.4 1.1 18.0 12.5 2.8 0.04 6AWS/SFA Not applicableOK Flux 10.10 is a high basic, agglomerated flux designed for electroslag strip cladding with austenitic stainless strips. OK Flux 10.10 isthe ESAB standard flux for electroslag cladding with various strips, for instance, OK Band 309L ESW. The flux, developed for highroductivity strip cladding, gives a smooth bead appearance, very good welding properties and easy slag removal. Can be used for singleor multi layer cladding. However, the process requires a special welding head and a power source of at least 1600 A. For chemical andpetrochemical plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, nuclear reactor components and power generation.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK Flux 10.11 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN OthersBasicity index5.4Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.2-1.0mmSlag typeVery High BasicPolarityDC+Alloy transfernoneEN 760: SA AF 2 DCOK Band NiCrMo3*EN 18274: S Ni6625(NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14: ER NiCrMo-3OK Band NiCrMo3**EN 12072: 18274: S Ni6625(NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14: ER NiCrMo-3*1st layer on mild steel0.025 0.45 0.07 19.6 Bal. 8.1 0.01 4 Nb+Ta=2.9, Fe=7**2nd layer on mild steel0.02 0.5 0.03 21.0 Bal. 8.1 0.01 4 Nb+Ta=3.2, Fe=4OK Flux 10.11 is a high basic, agglomerated flux designed for electroslag strip cladding with stainless, fully austenitic and Ni-based strips.Can be used for single or multi layer cladding with higher welding speed. Ok Flux 10.11 has very good welding characteristics, gives asmooth bead appearance and easy slag removal. For the chemical processing industry, pollution control equipment, marine equipment,nuclear reactor components, pump shafts.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)OK Flux 10.14 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN OthersBasicity index4.4Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.2-1.0mmSlag typeHigh BasicPolarityDC+EN 760: Not applicableWith OK Band 309LNb * * 1rd layer, welded on mild steel.EN 12072: S 23 12 L Nb 0.03 0.5 1.6 19.0 10.0 0.02 5 Nb=0.6(NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFA 5.9:OK Flux 10.14 is a high basic, agglomerated flux designed for electroslag strip cladding with austenitic stainless strips, especiallyOK Band 309LNb. It is flux for very high productivity strip cladding, up to about 35 cm/min. Can be used for single or multi layer cladding,gives a smooth bead appearance, very good welding properties and easy slag removal. However, the process requires a water cooledwelding head and a power source of at least 2400 A. For chemical and petrochemical plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, nuclearreactor components and power generation.Alloy transfernone69

Fluxes for submerged arc weldingClassifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Flux 10.16 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)Basicity index2.4Density~ 1.2 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.6mmSlag typeBasicPolarityDC+Alloy transferNoneEN 760: SA AF 2 DCWith OK Autrod 19.82EN 18274: S Ni6625(NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14ER NiCrMo-3With OK Autrod 19.85EN 18274: S Ni6082(NiCr20Mn3Nb)AWS/SFH 5.14ERNiCr-3With OK Band NiCrMo3*EN 18274: S Ni6625(NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFH 5.14ER NiCrMo-3With OK Band NiCr3*EN 18274: S Ni6082(NiCr20Mn3Nb)AWS/SFH 5.14ERNiCr-30.01 0.3 0.3 21 Bal. 9 Nb+Ta=3Fe=3425 700 40 +20/130-196/800.01 0.3 3.2 19 Bal. 0.5 Nb=2.5 360 600 35 +20/140-196/100*2nd layer on mild steel0.01 0.2 1.1 21 Bal. 8 0.026 Nb+Ta=2.8Fe=4*2nd layer on mild steel0.02 0.5 3 20 Bal. Nb=2.5OK Flux 10.16 is an agglomerated, non-alloying flux for submerged arc welding specially designed for butt welding with nickelbasedalloyed wire. Can also be used for overlay welding with Ni-based strips. The well-balanced flux composition minimisessilicon transfer from the flux to the welding metal, provides good mechanical properties, particularly good impact properties,and reduces the risk of hot cracking. OK Flux 10.16 can only be used on DC when butt welding with nickel-based alloy wires.Has also good weldability in the 2G position. Single layer and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. Flux is suitablefor strip cladding with all grades of Ni based strips. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, marineequipment, pressure vessels, storage tanks, etc.Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Flux 10.90 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)Basicity index1.7Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.6mmSlag typeBasicPolarityDC+Alloy transferCrcompensating,Ni and MnalloyingEN 760: SA AF 2 CrNi DCWith OK Autrod 19.81EN 18274: S Ni6059(NiCr23Mo16)AWS/SFA 5.14ERNiCrMo-13DNV: NV5Ni/NV8NiWith OK Autrod 19.82EN 18274: S Ni6625(NiCr22Mo9Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14ER NiCrMo-3With OK Autrod 19.83EN 18274: S Ni 6276(NiCr15Mo16Fe6W4)AWS/SFA 5.14NiCrMo-4With OK Autrod 19.85EN 18274: S Ni6082(NiCr20Mn3Nb)AWS/SFA 5.14ERNiCr-30.01 0.2 3 22 Bal. 14.0 Fe=3 5-10 470 675 46 +20/65-196/700.01 0.2 1.5 21 Bal. 8.5 Nb+Ta=3,Fe=30.01 0.2 1.9 15 Bal. 14 W=3.5,Fe=7440 720 33 +20/130-196/90480 700 35 +20/85-196/750.01 0.5 3.5 20 Bal. 0.5 Nb=2.5 400 600 35OK Flux 10.90 is an agglomerated fluoride basic flux for the submerged arc welding of 9 % Ni steels, other high alloyed steels andNi-based alloys, using Ni-based wires. OK Flux 10.90 is the answer to your LNG welding problems. Flux is chromium compensating,manganese and slightly nickel adding, thereby minimising the risk of hot cracking when welding with nickel-based alloys. Primarily formulti-run welding. The low Si addition during welding provides good mechanical properties, particularly good impact properties. Hasgood slag detachability and nice bead appearance and also very good weldability in the 2G position. Works very well on DC current.Single and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, pressurevessels, storage tanks, etc.70

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Flux 10.92 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN Others R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)Basicity index1.0Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.6mmSlag typeNeutralPolarityDC+Alloy transferCr compensatingEN 760: SA CS 2 DCWith OK Autrod 308LEN 12072: S 19 9 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER308TÜVWith OK Autrod 347EN 12072: S 19 9 NbAWS/SFA 5.9: ER347TÜVWith OK Autrod 316LEN 12072: S 19 12 3 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER316LTÜVWith OK Autrod 318EN 12072: S 19 12 3 NbAWS/SFA 5.9: ER318TÜVWith OK Autrod 309MoLEN 12072: S 23 12 LAWS/SFA 5.9: (ER309MoL)TÜVWith OK Band 308L*EN 12072: S 19 9 LAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ308LTÜVWith OK Band 347*EN 12072: S 19 9 NbAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ347TÜVWith OK Band 316L*EN 12072: S 19 12 3 LAWS/SFA 5.9: EQ316L

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Flux 10.93 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN Others R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)Basicity index1.7Density~ 1.1 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.6mmSlag typeBasicPolarityDC+Alloy transfernoneEN 760: SA AF 2 DCCWith OK Autrod 308LEN 12072: S 19 9 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER308LDNV 308L, TÜV, DB, CEWith OK Autrod 308HEN 12072: S 19 9 HAWS/SFA 5.9: ER308HWith OK OK Autrod 347EN 12072: S 19 9 NbAWS/SFA 5.9: ER347TÜV, DBWith OK Autrod 316LEN 12072: S 19 12 3 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER316LDNV 316L, TÜV, DBWith OK Autrod 317LEN 12072: S 18 15 3 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER317L

Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%) Typical mechanical properties all weld metalOK Flux 10.94 C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN R p 0.2(MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN ( o C/J)Basicity index1.7Density~ 1.0 kg/dm 3Grain size0.25-1.6mmSlag typeBasicPolarityDC+Alloy transferCrcompensatingEN 760: SA AF 2 Cr DCWith OK Autrod 308LEN 12072: S 19 9 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER308LWith OK Autrod 347EN 12072: S 19 9 NbAWS/SFA 5.9: ER347With OK Autrod 316LEN 12072: S 19 12 3 LAWS/SFA 5.9: ER316LWith OK Autrod 25090.02 0.5 1.4 20.2 9.7 0.06 11 400 560 40 +20/85-60/600.04 0.5 1.0 19.6 9.6 Nb=0.5 9 455 620 38 +20/100-60/70-110/50-196/300.02 0.6 1.2 19.5 11.5 2.7 430 570 36 +20/80-196/35EN 12072: S 25 9 4 N L

The stainless steel claddingprocessStainless steel strip cladding is aflexible and economical way ofdepositing a corrosion-resistant,protective layer on a load-bearingmild or low-alloy steel.Two cladding processesSubmerged arc welding (SAW) is themost frequently used process, butif higher productivity and restricteddilution rates are required, electroslagwelding (ESW) is recommended.Both proceses are characterised by ahigh deposition rate and low dilution.They are suitable for surfacing flatand curved objects such as heatexchanger tube sheets or pressurevessels of different kinds.SAW strip claddingThe well-known SAW methodhas been widely used with stripelectrodes since the mid-1960s. Astrip electrode, normally measuring60 x 0.5 mm or 90 x 0.5 mm, is usedas the (usually positive) electrode andan electric arc is formed between thestrip and the workpiece. Flux is usedto form a molten slag to protect theweld pool from the atmosphere andhelps to form a smooth weld beadsurface.ESW strip claddingElectroslag strip cladding, which is afurther development of submerged arcstrip cladding, has quickly establisheditself as a reliable high deposition rateprocess. ESW strip cladding relatesto the resistance welding processesand is based on the ohmic resistanceheating in a shallow layer of liquidelectroconductive slag. The heatgenerated by the molten slag poolmelts the surface of the base materialand the strip electrode end, which isdipping in the slag and the flux. Thepenetration is less for ESW than forSAW since there is no arc between thestrip electrode and the parent material.Fluxes for ESW strip cladding are highbasic, with a high share of fluorides.To increase the cladding speed atcorresponding high welding currents,it is necessary to use fluxes producinga slag of even higher electricalconductivity and lower viscosity.ESW featuresCompared to submerged arc stripcladding the electroslag claddingprocess shows the following features:• Increased deposition rate by 60%to 80%.• Only half of the dilution fromthe base material due to lesspenetration (about 10-15% dilution).• Lower arc voltage (24–26 V).• Higher amperage and currentdensity (about 1000–1250 Awith strips of 60 mm width,corresponding to 33–42 A/mm 2 ).Specially developed fluxes forhigh productivity purposes can bewelded with amperage in excessof 2000 A which corresponds to acurrent density about 70 A/mm 2 .• Increased welding speed(50%–200% higher), resulting in aFigure 1.Principles of electroslag strip cladding.higher area coverage in m 2 /h.• Comparable heat input.• Lower flux consumption (about0.4-0.5 kg/kg strip).• The solidification rate of the ESWweld metal is lower, improving thedegasification and the resistance toporosity. Oxides can rise easier outof the molten pool to the surface;the overlay metal is cleaner from ametallurgical point of view and thusless sensitive to hot cracking andcorrosion.75

Facts about stainless steelsThe large and steadily growing family of stainless steels can offer uniquecombinations of corrosion resistance and properties.“Stainlessness””Stainless” is a term coined, early in thedevelopment of these steels for cutleryproducts. It was adopted as a generic nameand, now, covers a wide range of steeltypes and grades for corrosion or oxidationresistant applications.when the steel is scratched, dented or cut,oxygen from the air immediately combineswith the chromium to reform the protectivelayer. As an example, over a period ofyears, a stainless steel knife can literallybe worn away by daily use and by beingre-sharpened – but remains stainless.Stainless steels owe their corrosionresistance to the presence of a ”passive”,chromium-rich, oxide film that formsnaturally on the surface. Although extremelythin and invisible, this protective film adheresfirmly, and is chemically stable underconditions which provide sufficient oxygento the surface. Furthermore, the protectiveoxide film is self-healing provided there issufficient oxygen available. Therefore, evenFamilies of stainless steelsIt is fortunate that corrosion resistancecan be obtained in an iron-based systemsimply by the addition of chromium, since,by appropriate adjustment of other alloyingelements such as nickel and carbon, a widerange of microstructures can be developed.Hence, stainless steels can offer aremarkable range of mechanical propertiesand corrosion resistance and are producedTable 1. Main stainless steel types.StainlessSteel TypeChemical composition (%)Standard gradesSpecial gradesApplicationsFerritic

in numerous grades. Properties such ascorrosion resistance, formability, weldability,strength and cryogenic toughness arelargely determined by the microstructure.Stainless steels are therefore typicallyclassified into a number of general groupsaccording to their microstructure. The majorfamilies of stainless steel are listed in table 1.Super-austenitic or super-duplex gradeshave enhanced pitting and crevice corrosionresistance compared with the ordinaryaustenitic or duplex types. This is thanks tofurther additions of chromium, molybdenumand nitrogen. Super-martensitic steels have avery low carbon content improving weldabilitygreatly. Heat and creep resistant versions ofmany steels are also available. These havea slightly modified composition and whenintended for creep applications in particular asomewhat higher carbon content.Properties and weldabilityFerritic stainless steelsFerritic stainless steels have propertiessimilar to mild steels but with bettercorrosion resistance, due to the additionof typically 11-17% chromium. They arecomparatively inexpensive due to their lowNi-content and have good resistance tochloride stress corrosion cracking. The morehighly alloyed grades, in particular, showpoor toughness at low temperatures and areprone to embrittlement at high temperatures.78

Weldability of ferritic stainless steel variesdepending upon the composition. Moderngrades with controlled martensite formationand limited carbide precipitation in theheat affected zone (HAZ). are reasonablyweldable. However, all ferritic stainlesssteels suffer from grain growth in the HAZresulting in loss of toughness. Consequently,interpass temperature and heat input mustbe limited. Preheating is sometimes requiredto prevent cracking during cooling forthicknesses above 3 mm for grades formingsome martensite.Consumables for the welding of ferriticstainless steels can be ferritic with acomposition matching the parent metalor austenitic. Ferritic stainless steels areresistant to corrosion in sulphur containingatmospheres. The use of austeniticconsumables is not recommended for thiskind of application.Martensitic stainless steelsMartensitic grades can be hardened byquenching and tempering, like plain carbonsteels. They have moderate corrosionresistance and contain, typically, 11-13%chromium with a higher carbon contentthan ferritic grades. Martensitic stainlesssteels are used because of their mechanicalstrength, hardness and corrosion resistance.The strength of precipitation hardeninggrades can be increased further throughspecial heat treatments. The toughnessof martensitic stainless steel is limited anddecreases with increasing carbon content.However, martensitic-austenitic grades,alloyed with significant amounts of nickel,have improved toughness and weldability.Supermartensitic stainless steels with verylow carbon content, improving corrosionresistance and weldability, have recentlybeen introduced.Weldability is comparatively poor, andbecomes worse with increasing carboncontent, as there is always a hard andbrittle zone in the parent metal adjacent tothe weld. Preheating, welding with a wellcontrolledminimum interpass temperaturefollowed by cooling, tempering and finallyslow cooling is therefore normally required.If this is ignored, there is a significant riskof cold cracking in the hard and brittleHAZ region. Martensitic-austenitic andsupermartensitic grades require less or nopreheating and PWHT.Matching composition martensiticconsumables are used when weld metalproperties need to match those of theparent material. However, austeniticconsumables are typically preferred asthey decrease the risk of cracking. Whencomplicated structures are to be weldeda buttering technique can be used. Thegroove faces are then covered withaustenitic filler metal and heat treated asnecessary to restore HAZ toughness. Thebuttered layer is thick enough to ensure nostructural change occurs in the parent metalwhen completing the joint.Austenitic stainless steelsAustenitic stainless steels have a nickelcontent of at least 6% to stabilise thestructure and provide ductility, a large rangeof service temperatures, non-magneticproperties and good weldability. This isthe most widely used group of stainlesssteels found in numerous applications. Alarge number of steel grades have beendeveloped starting from the classical basecomposition 18%Cr/8%Ni.Some commonly used variants are thosewhich contain Mo to provide improvedpitting corrosion resistance, those withNb or Ti to stabilise against Cr-carbideprecipitation causing intergranular corrosionand higher strength N-alloyed grades.Corrosion resistance is very good toexcellent, depending on alloying contentand environment.In particular the level of Cr-, Mo- andN-alloying has a large effect on corrosionresistance with the most highly alloyedgrades usually termed superaustenitic. Afurther division into e.g. standard, stabilised,fully austenitic, nitrogen alloyed, heatresistant grades and steels with improvedmachinability is common.79

Austenitic stainless steels have in mostcases excellent weldability and any of themain welding processes can be applied.They are not hardenable, but excessive heatinput and preheating should be avoided tominimise the risk of hot cracking, distortionand for non-stabilised grades with carbonlevels above about 0.03% also to avoidsensitisation to intergranular corrosion.Precipitation of intermetallic phases canoccur in the more highly alloyed grades.Austenitic stainless steels are welded withconsumables with a similar or over-alloyedchemical composition with respect to theparent metal. Over-alloying is required forthe more highly alloyed grades to optimisecorrosion resistance by compensating forsegregation effects in the weld metal. Highlyalloyed nickel-based consumables aregenerally used for superaustenitic steels.The steels are normally supplied with asingle-phase austenitic structure. However,during welding ferrite can form in the weldmetal and in the HAZ. Ferrite can affectproperties and weldability in a numberof ways as described in more detail in“Ferrite in weld metals”. On the positiveside ferrite tends to prevent hot cracking,something which is more of a problem withfully austenitic stainless steels and weldmetals. On the negative side ferrite can beselectively attacked in some environmentsand can easier than austenite transform intosigma phase at high temperatures. Fillermetals for the welding of standard austeniticstainless steels are therefore generallydesigned to form some ferrite in the weldmetal. In applications where a fully austeniticweld deposit is required hot cracking can beavoided by alloying the filler metal with Mn.Duplex (Austenitic-Ferritic)stainless steelsDuplex stainless steels have a mixedstructure with approximately equalproportions of ferrite and austenite, hencethe term “duplex”. They are alloyed witha combination of nickel and nitrogen toproduce a partially austenitic lattice structureand improve mechanical properties andcorrosion resistance. There is a wide rangeof duplex grades all offering an attractivecombination of high strength and goodcorrosion resistance. Having grown to alarge family, the duplex stainless steels nowrange from the lean grades, that are costefficient and compete with the standardaustenitic grades, to the highly alloyedsuperduplex grades for more demandingapplicationsGenerally, duplex stainless steels have goodweldability and can be welded using a widerange of techniques. Welding consumablesare of the duplex type but typically slightlydifferent in composition compared to thecorresponding steel grade. In particular theyneed to be higher in elements promotingaustenite formation, usually Ni, to avoidexcessively high weld metal ferrite contentsthat otherwise impair properties. Weldingwithout filler metal is therefore usually notrecommended. Preheat is not necessary butthe heat input has to be within certain limitsdepending on grade. Too low a heat inputleads to a high cooling rate and high ferritelevels. On the other hand, too high a heatinput can result in precipitation of deleteriousphases in particular in the highly alloyedsuperduplex grades. In both cases toughnessand corrosion resistance will suffer.LiteratureEN 1011-3, 2000, Welding – Recommendationsfor welding of metallic materials – Part 3: Arcwelding of stainless steels.80

CorrosionStainless steelsA very thin layer of chromium-rich oxidefilm, which is formed spontaneously on thesurface in the presence of oxygen, protectsstainless steels against corrosion. However,stainless steels cannot be considered to be”indestructible”. The passive state can bebroken down under certain conditions andcorrosion can result as briefly discussed below.It is therefore important to carefully select theappropriate grade for a particular application.Effects of welding and handling on corrosionresistance also have to be considered.Uniform corrosionThis is a type corrosion that proceeds atmore or less the same velocity over the entiresurface. Attack by uniform corrosion occursmainly in acids or in strongly alkaline solutions.The resistance against uniform corrosion istypically improved by increasing the content ofCr and Mo in the steel.Intergranular corrosionA localised attack at and adjacent to the grainboundaries is called intergranular corrosion.Stainless steels can become sensitive tointergranular corrosion when exposed toelevated temperatures (500-850°C). Localconsumption of Cr at the grain boundaries bycarbide precipitation then results in depletedregions with inferior corrosion resistance.Precipitation of chromium carbides can beprevented either by a low C-content or byadding stabilising elements like Nb or Ti.Pitting corrosionThis is a type of localised corrosion, whichis highly destructive, ultimately resulting inholes. Pitting attack in stainless steel is mostcommon in neutral or acidic chloride containingenvironments. The resistance against pittingimproves with increasing Cr-, Mo- andN-contents. A Pitting Resistance Equivalent,PREN,is commonly used to qualitative compare thepitting resistance of different alloys:PREN = %Cr + 3.3 %Mo + 16%N.Care should be taken, though, when comparingsteels and weld metals since the inevitablesegregation of alloying elements occurringduring solidification makes weld metals lessresistant for comparable compositions.Crevice corrosionCrevice corrosion is a kind of localisedcorrosion,which occurs, in narrow crevices under thesameconditions as pitting. However, corrosionattacks initiates and propagates more easily ina crevice filled with a liquid, where the oxygenneeded to maintain the passive layer quickly isconsumed. Typical examples are under gasketsurfaces, lap joints and under bolt and rivetheads. A special form of crevice corrosion iscalled deposit corrosion. This occurs undernon-metallic deposits or coatings on the metalsurface. Steels with good resistance to pittingcorrosion also have good resistance to crevicecorrosion.Stress corrosion crackingStress corrosion cracking (SCC) is caused bythe combined effect of tensile stresses andexposure to a corrosive environment. The metalsurface can appear virtually unattacked whilefine racks propagate through the entirethickness. In particular standard austeniticstainless steels are susceptible to SCC insolutions containing chloride. The risk goes upwith increasing concentration, higher tensilestress and increasing temperature. SCC is,however, seldom found in solutions below60°C. Ferritic and duplex stainless steels aregenerally very resistant to SCC and increasedNi- and Mo-contents improve the resistance ofaustenitic grades.Uniform corrosionIntergranular corrosionPitting corrosionCrevice corrosionStress corrosion cracking81

Ferrite in weld metalsFerrite is obviously a major constituent in ferriticand duplex weld metals. Some ferrite can oftenalso be found in martensitic and in particular ina majority of austenitic weld metals.The weld metal ferrite content can influencea wide range of properties, includingcorrosion resistance, toughness, long termhigh temperature stability, resistance tohot cracking etc. Austenite is tougher andmore ductile than ferrite, especially at lowtemperatures, it is not ferromagnetic and302830262824262224AusteniteAustenite20221820161814A+M16A+F1214A+M1012A+F810Martensite68MartensiteA+M+F4A+M+F6 FM+FFerrite2 +4 MFM+FFerrite2 +M2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%NbThe Schaeffler DiagramNickel Nickel equivalent equivalent = %Ni = + %Ni 30%C + 30%C + 0.5%Mn + 0.5%MnNickel Nickel equivalent equivalent = %Ni = + %Ni 30%C + 30%C + 30%N + 30%N + 0.5%Mn + 0.5%Mn212021WRC19Ferrite20AusteniteNumber WRC1819Ferrite17AustenitePriorNumber18Magnetic16Percent17Ferrite Prior15Magnetic16Percent14Ferrite15131412Austenite13Plus Ferrite1112Austenite10Plus Ferrite1116 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 271016 17Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%NbThe DeLong Diagram0%2%0%2%4%6%4% 7.6%6% 9.2%7.6% 10.7%9.2% 12.3%13.8%10.7%12.3%13.8%02024646810810121412 1614 1816180% Ferrite5%0% Ferrite5%10%10%20%20%40%40%80%80%100%100%less likely to form brittle phases at elevatedtemperatures. On the other hand, ferrite ishighly resistant to stress corrosion cracking,it is ferromagnetic and usually has a higheryield strength than austenite.An important aspect of ferrite in weld metalsis related to the solidification behaviour. Itis widely accepted that welds which initiallysolidify as austenite are more susceptible tohot cracking than those that initially solidifyas ferrite. This is largely due to the greatersolubility of ferrite for alloying and impurityelements that promote hot cracking.Most welds, including standard austenitictypes such as 18 308 and 316, are thereforedesigned to 18 solidify primarily as ferriteto improve hot16cracking A resistance. Thismeans that 16 the austenite A is mainly formedAF14when the initial ferrite is transformed duringAF14cooling. Consequently, the ferrite content at12 FAroom temperature is not the same as during12solidification and will dependFAon cooling rate.F10F10Measurement andprediction of ferrite contentFerrite determination is frequently required18for weld 17 procedure qualification and also16 18commonly 15 17 specified for filler metals. The14 16ferrite 13 15 content can either be measured12 14by point counting techniques, magnetic11 1310 12methods or it can be predicted based on119108the chemical composition of the weld metal.Nickel Nickel equivalent equivalent = %Ni = + %Ni 35%C + 35%C + 20%N + 20%N + 0.25%Cu + 0.25%Cu796857Nickel Nickel equivalent equivalent = %Ni = + %Ni 35%C + 35%C + 20%N + 20%N + 0.25%Cu + 0.25%Cu18 20 22 24 26 28 3000 24264 86 108 1210 1416181214 20221618 24262022 2830242640352830 4550403560 55455070 6560 558065757090 75 8580100 9590 85100 9518 20 22 24 26 28 3018 20 22 24 26 28 3018 Chromium 20 equivalent 22 = 24 %Cr + %Mo 26 + 0.7%Nb 28 30Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%NbMeasuring 46the ferrite content35There are 24two types of methods for13measuring the ferrite content of weld metals021and parent materials: (a) point counting0techniques and (b) magnetic methods.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%Nb1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%NbPoint counting gives a ferrite content in ferritepercentage (sometimes denominated FP).Magnetic methods takes advantage of theAAFAFAAFFA0204628410612148 1610 18122022142416261828203022 403242628 50303640506FF82

siteA+MM+FAusteniteAustenitedifferent magnetic properties of ferrite andA+Faustenite with ferrite being ferro-magnetic,whilst austenite is not. A Ferrite Number(FN)A+M+Fis assigned to a given level of magneticattraction, defined from primary standardsFerriteusing a magnetic beam balance knownFerritecommercially as a MagneGage instrument.It is important to realise that there is nounique correlation of Ferrite Number withferrite percentage since the FN dependsnot only on the ferrite percentage but alsoon composition. The Ferrite Number isapproximately equivalent to the percentageferrite at low values but will be larger thanthe percentage ferrite at higher values.Chromium 12 14 16 equivalent 18 20 = %Cr 22 24 + %Mo 26 + 281.5%Si 30 32 + 0.5%Nb 34 36 38 40ium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%NbPriorMagneticr PercentneticFerriteentite0%2%4%6%A+M+FM+F7.6%9.2%10.7%12.3%13.8%WRCFerriteWRCNumberFerriteNumber0246810a) Point counting involves directmicroscopic measurement on suitablyprepared specimens Austenite and gives the ferritePlus Ferritecontent in ferrite Austenite percentage. This is aPlus Ferritedestructive method since a polishedand etched metallographic section isrequired. It cannot therefore readily beused on completed welded fabrications,but can be used on representativewelding procedure samples. Themain advantage of the point countingtechnique is that it can be applied to allmicrostructures, including the narrowHAZ. Point counting is, however,relatively slow and labour intensive.Comparative studies have also showna great deal of scatter between differentlaboratories and different operators.121416180% Ferrite0% Ferrite20%40%80%100%8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40enite0%2%4%6%7.6%9.2%10.7%12.3%13.8%02468109 Chromium 20 equivalent 21 = 22 %Cr + %Mo 23 + 1.5%Si 24 + 25 0.5%Nb26 27ium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb5%1214161819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2710%A+F5%10%20%40%80%100%b) Instruments for magnetic measurementsof ferrite content in Ferrite Number (FN)are based on one of two principles. Theymake either use of a permanent magnetand measure tearing-off force (e.g., aMagneGage) or utilise eddy current tomeasure magnetic properties (e.g., FisherFeritscope). Both methods are in principlenon-destructive although use of theNickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu1817161514131211109876543210Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%CuNickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%CuNickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu181614121018 18 20 22 24 26 28 3016141210AAAFAFFAFAF18 20 22 24 26 28 30Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%NbChromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%Nb181716A1514A AF13AF12FA11FA F109F8765432101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 311 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chromium 11 12 13 14 equivalent 15 16 17 = 18 %Cr 19 20 + %Mo 21 22 + 230.7%Nb24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%Nbthe WRC-1992 diagram (see Figures Z and W18 20 22 24 26 28 3000224648610812 1014 1216 1418 162022182024 2226 242830 26284035 3045 403550 4560 5505570 65606580 75707590 858090 85100 95100 9518 20 22 24 26 28 30MagneGage requires a flat polishedspecimen and is less suitable for fieldapplication. However, hand held equipmentbased on eddy current techniques isavailable and can be used on welds witha minimum of surface preparation. Allmagnetic methods require the use ofappropriate primary standards (permanentmagnet principle) or secondary standards(eddy current techniques) in order tocalibrate the equipment and enable accuratemeasurements of FN to be made.Predicting ferrite contentPrediction of weld metal ferrite contentcan be carried out based on the chemicalcomposition of the weld metal. A numberof predictive diagrams are available withthe newer diagrams making predictionsF0024 2648 610812141016 1218 1420 1622 1824 2026 2228 2430 264035 28304550 403560 55 455070 65 60 5580 75 70 6590 85 80 75100 95 90 85100 951816141210181614121083

in terms of Ferrite Number (FN) instead offerrite percentage. The Schaeffler Diagram(see Figure X op p64), now more thanfifty years old, is well out-dated for ferriteprediction in stainless steel welds and wasfollowed by the DeLong Diagram (see FigureY op p64) recognising the importance ofnitrogen content. The today most widelyused predictive diagram, and the onerecognised by the ASME code since 1995is the WRC-1992 diagram (see Figures Zand W op p65). Other systems, includingsome based on Neural Networks are alsoavailable. All these methods depend on anaccurate chemical analysis of the actualweld deposit. When certified compositionsof the welding consumable are used, itmust also be recognised that these will notnecessarily be the same as the depositcomposition, depending on dilution byparent materials and welding parameters.CommentsWhen specifying, measuring or predictingferrite contents one should be aware of somebasic facts:• The ferrite content of real weldments isaffected by a number of factors the mostimportant typically being filler composition,dilution with parent material, nitrogenpickup and cooling rate.• Ferrite is not homogeneously distributedwithin a weld. For example, the ferritecontent is generally lower at the interfacebetween two weld passes since heatingby deposition of the subsequent adjacentpass causes some ferrite to transform toaustenite.• To require a ferrite range after post-weldheat treatment is in general irrelevant asferrite transforms to other phases duringPWHT.• Measuring and predicting ferrite contentis not an exact science:- It is unrealistic to require both a measuredand a calculated FN for a given weldmetal to be within a narrow range.- Chemical analysis includes variabilityand even the WRC-92 Diagram has apossibility of error on the order of ± 4FN in the 0-18 FN range.- A study involving 17 laboratoriesin 8 countries organised within theInternational Institute of Weldingindicated that scatter of about ± 20 %of the measured value should beexpected between different laboratorieswhen testing real welds.84

Literature• Schaeffler A L. Constitution diagram for stainlesssteel weld metal, Metal Progress, 1949,vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 680 - 680B.• DeLong W T. Ferrite in austenitic stainlesssteel weld metal, Welding Journal, 1974,vol.53, No. 7, pp. 273-s - 286-s.• Kotecki D J and Siewert T A. WRC-1992constitution diagram for stainless steel weldmetals: a modification of the WRC-1988diagram, Welding Journal, 1992, vol. 71,No. 5, pp. 171-s - 178-s.• Lefebvre J.: Guidance on specifications offerrite in stainless steel weld metal, Welding inthe World, 1993, vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 390-407.• ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995Edition, Section III, Division I, Figure NB-2433.1-1, The American Society of MechanicalEngineers.• AWS A4.2M/A4.2:1997. Standard proceduresfor calibrating magnetic instruments tomeasure the delta ferrite content of austeniticand duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steelweld metal, American Welding Society.• Kotecki D.J.: FN measurement Round Robinusing shop and field instruments aftercalibration by secondary standards - FinalSummary Report, Welding in the World, July-August 1999, vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 91-99.• ISO 8249: 2000, Welding – Determination ofFerrite Number (FN) in austenitic and duplexferritic-austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steel weldmetals, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.• ASTM E562-02. Standard Test Method forDetermining Volume Fraction by SystematicManual Point Count.• ISO 9042: 2002. Steels – Manual point countingmethod for statistically estimating the volumefraction of a constituent with a point grid.• ISO TR 22824: 2003, Welding consumables –Predicted and measured FN in specifications– A position statement of the experts of IIWCommission IX, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.• Farrar J.C.M., The measurement of FerriteNumber (FN) in real weldments, Welding in theWorld, November-December 2005, vol. 49,No. 5/6, pp. 13-21.85

Joining of Dissimilar SteelsDifferent types of stainless steels can normallybe welded to one another without difficulty. Itis, however, essential that a consumable withat least the same mechanical strength andcorrosion resistance as the poorest of the basematerials is used and that the recommendationsfor welding these are followed.Stainless steels can also be welded to mildor low-alloy steels with excellent results ifthe steel has a reasonable weldability andif certain straightforward guidelines for theavoidance of cracking are followed. The samebasic metallurgical considerations apply alsoto cladding of mild or low-alloy steels with astainless layer as well as welding of stainlesssteel/ mild or low-alloy steel compound material.The main concern during welding is to avoidcracking in the weld metal and in the basematerial heat affected zone (HAZ). Crackingcan be either hydrogen assisted cracking orhot cracking depending on base and fillermetal and on the welding procedure.Weld metal considerationsThe dilution of the filler metal by the basematerial must be taken into account to avoidthe formation of hard and brittle or hot crackingsusceptible structures. A mild steel filler metalwill result in a highly alloyed brittle martensiticmicrostructure when deposited on a stainlesssteel. Using a standard stainless filler metalwill usually result in the same unfavourablemicrostructure when welding on a mild steel. Inboth cases the hard and brittle regions of thewelds are very likely to show extensive cracking.There are three main approaches to producesound crack resistant dissimilar weldsbetween stainless and mild or low-alloy steels.Typically the first approach is preferred.The most common approach is to aim for aweld metal composition giving an austenitic3028(1) C-Steel(2) Stainless steelNickel equivalent = %Ni + 30%C + 0.5%Mn26242220181614121086(1)A+MMartensite(3)Austenite(2)A+M+F(D)(B)A+F0% Ferrite5%10%20%40%80%100%(A) OK 48.00(B) OK 67.70(3) Base material mix(C) Weld metal with (A)(D) Weld metal with (B)42F+M(A)(C)M+FFerrite2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb86

structure with some ferrite. As discussed in the“ Ferrite in weld metals” section this will producea very crack resistant and ductile weld. Typicallyoveralloyed consumables of the (in wt.%) 23Cr12Ni (with or without Mo) and 29Cr 9Ni typesare used. A duplex filler can in most cases alsobe used with good result.A similar but somewhat different approachis to use fillers depositing a more or less fullyaustenitic weld metal. In this case alloying withrelatively high levels of Mn is needed to ensurecrack resistance. A common type of filler is18Cr 8Ni 6Mn.Ni-base fillers should be used for servicetemperatures above approximately 350-400ºCto minimise carbon migration into the weld.A diagramme such as the Schaeffler Diagramor the more recent WRC-1992 Diagram canbe used to predict the microstructure of theweld metal. The WRC-1992 Diagram is likelyto give a more precise prediction of weld metalferrite content but the Schaeffler Diagram hasthe advantage of showing the structure for anysteel weld metal composition. An example ispresented in the figure on page 86 illustratingthe joining of mild steel and 18Cr 12Ni 3Motype stainless steel.ExamplePrediction of weld metal microstructure of adissimilar joint between a stainless steel (1: 18Cr12 3Mo) and a mild steel (2) welded with eitheran unalloyed consumable (A: OK 48.00) or anoveralloyed stainless electrode (B: OK 67.70).Step1: Calculate Nickel- and Chromiumequivalentsfrom steel andconsumable compositions and plotthese in the diagram.Step 2: Connect the two steel compositionswith a line.Step 3: Assume that equal amounts of thebase materials will be fused. Mark theposition on the line halfway betweenthe two steel compositions (3).Step 4: Connect the halfway point andthe position of the consumablecompositions of interest with lines.Step 5: The weld metal composition isgiven by a point located X% of thedistance between the halfway point(see step 3) and the consumablecomposition point. X is the assumeddilution which is typically 25-40 %for MMA, 15-40% for MIG /MAG,25-100% for TIG and 20-50% forSAW. In this example the dilutionlevel is assumed to be 30%.The overalloyed stainless consumable will,as shown by the example, give a desiredductile and crack resistant austenitic weldmetal with some ferrite (point D). Using anunalloyed consumable will however producea martensitic weld metal (point C) which isharder, brittle and likely to crack.Parent metal HAZ considerationsWhen joining dissimilar steels it is importantnot only to select a consumable giving thedesired weld metal structure when diluted byparent materials. The weldability of the steelsmust also be considered. A simple, althoughoften overly conservative, guide is to usethe same preheat, interpass temperature,post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) etc thatwould be used when welding the steels tothemselves. However, a lower preheat canoften be tolerated when an austenitic stainlessor Ni-base filler is used.A PWHT in the range 500-700ºC, that iscommonly used for mild or low-alloy steels,can cause sensitisation (see Corrosion Types)of a stainless steel or weld metal, in particularfor unstabilised grades with a high carboncontent. PWHT might also cause embrittlementdue to precipitation of intermetallic phases.The effect is more pronounced for weld metalswith higher ferrite contents. A restriction tomaximum 8-10 FN is therefore common, forexample in cladding of low-alloy steels, when aPWHT is required.87

30 3028 28Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 30%C + 0.5%Mn26 2624 2422 2220 2018 1816 1614141212101086A+MA+MMartensiteMartensiteAustenite AusteniteA+M+FA+M+FA+FA+F0% Ferrite0% Ferrite5%5%10%10%20%20%40%40%80%80%100%100%42F+MM+FM+FFerriteFerriteThe Schaeffler DiagramNickel equivalent = %Ni + 30%C + 30%N + 0.5%Mn212120201919181817171616151514141313121211111010The Schaeffler Diagram2 4 6 8 1010121214141616181820202222242426262828303032323434363638384040ChromiumChromiumequivalentequivalent= %Cr%Cr+ %Mo%Mo+ 1.5%Si1.5%Si+ 0.5%Nb0.5%NbWRCWRCFerriteFerriteAusteniteAusteniteNumberNumberPriorPriorMagneticMagneticPercentPercentFerriteFerrite0%2%4%6%0%2%4%6%7.6%9.2%10.7%12.3%13.8%7.6%9.2%10.7%12.3%13.8%AusteniteAustenitePlusPlusFerriteFerrite161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727ChromiumChromiumequivalentequivalent= %Cr%Cr+ %Mo%Mo+ 1.5%Si1.5%Si+ 0.5%Nb0.5%Nb002244668810121012141614161818Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%CuThe DeLong Diagram88

Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%CuNickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu18161412101818202022222424262628283030181816141210AAAF AFFA02 04268 410 612 814 1016 1218 142022 16182426 20222830 2435402628304550403560 55455070 6560 5580 7570 6590 8580 75100 9590 85100 95FAFF1818202022222424262628283030161412101816141210ChromiumChromiumequivalentequivalent= %Cr=+%Cr%Mo++%Mo0.7%Nb+ 0.7%NbNickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu1817161514131211109876543210Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu02406821041261416 818 1020221224 14261628301820403522244526502860 553070 65 40354580 755060 5590 8570 65100 9580 7590 85100 95181716A A1514AF AF1312FA FA1110F F98765432101 21 23 435465 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 317 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31ChromiumChromiumequivalentequivalent= %Cr=+%Cr%Mo++%Mo0.7%Nb+ 0.7%Nbthe WRC-1992 diagram (see Figures Z and W89

Storage and handling90StorageAll covered electrodes are sensitive to moisture pickup,but the rate will be very slow when stored underthe correct climatic conditions:• 5 – 15 °C: max. 60% RH• 15 – 25 °C: max. 50% RH• >25 °C: max. 40% RHAt low temperatures, maintain low relative humidity bykeeping the storage temperature at least 10°C abovethe outside temperature. At high temperatures,maintain low relative humidity by air dehumidification.Ensure cold packs reach ambient temperature beforeopening. The plastic capsule provides someprotection, although moisture permeates and isabsorbed at a very slow rate. High moisture in thecoating of stainless steel MMA electrodes can causeporosity. When uncertain about the moisture content,electrodes should be re-dried according toinstructions. Use quivers for intermediate protection.Handling VacPac electrodesVacPac electrodes are to be stored below 50 °C andrequire no re-drying before use, provided that thepackage is undamaged. In order to protect thevacuum foil, do not use a knife or any other sharpobject to open the outer package.Before using VacPac electrodes. If the vacuum hasbeen lost, then re-dry the electrodes before use.Cut open the protective foil at the indicated end.Do not take out more than one electrode at a time,while leaving the foil in place. Discard or re-dryelectrodes exposed to the atmosphere in an openedVac- Pac for more than 12 hours*.Recommendations for solid and cored wiresSolid and cored wires should be stored in conditionswhich prevent the accelerated deterioration ofproducts or packaging. All wires should avoid directcontact with water or moisture. Wires must be storedin dry conditions. The relative humidity andtemperature should be monitored and thetemperature should not fall below the dew point.To avoid condensation, the wires should be kept in* Valid at standard AWS test conditions of 26.7 °C and 80% RH.the original packaging and, if necessary, left to warmup to at least the ambient temperature beforeopening the package. Other hydrogen-containingsubstances, such as oil, grease and corrosion, orhygroscopic substances must also be avoided.Storage must be adequate to prevent damage.Recommendations for OK FluxESAB fluxes, agglomerated as well as fused,have a guaranteed low moisture content fromproduction. Before transport, each pallet is shrinkwrapped in plastic foil, to maintain theas-manufactured moisture content for as long aspossible. Flux should never be exposed to directwetness such as rain or snow.StorageUnopened flux bags must be kept under controlledstorage condition as follows:• Temperature: 20 +/- 10°C• Relative humidity: not exceeding 60 %.• Fluxes shall not be stored longer than 3 years.• Remaining flux from unprotected hoppers must beplaced in a drying cabinet or heated flux hopper at atemperature of 150 +/- 25°C.• Remaining flux from open bags should be placed ata temperature of 150 +/- 25°C.Recycling• Moisture and oil must be removed from the pressureair used in the recycling system.• New flux should be added in proportions of at leastone part of new flux to three parts recycled flux.• Foreign material such as millscale, dross etc. shouldbe removed by, for instance, sieving.RedryingRedrying is needed when the flux has picked-upmoisture during storage, handling or use or whenrequired by material specification. Redrying shall beperformed on shallow plates with a flux height not• exceeding 50 mm, as follows:• Agglomerated fluxes: 2-4h/300 +/- 25°C.• Fused fluxes: 2-4h/200 +/- 50°C.Redried flux, not immediately used, must be kept at 150+/- 25°C before use.

Global manufacturingOK Flux is an ESAB AB trademarkand consequently the OK Flux rangeis fully globally managed, together withOK Autrod and OK Tubrod solid andcored SAW wires.All ESAB plants manufacturing OKproducts do so based on centrallysubmitted specifications in terms of:• Raw materials• Testing methods• Product release inspection• Manufacturing process, processparameters and limits• Product packaging and markingrequirements• Product 3rd party internationalapprovals• Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)• Quality Management System• ISO 14001• OHSAS 18001With all these measures inplace, ESAB is confident thatOK products have identicalproperties regardless ofmanufacturing location,worldwide.Several OK products are madein more than one location tomeet local geographicaldemands. Equally important,this is part of ESAB’s supplycontingency plan, a global effortto consistently meet the supplychain needs of our customers.It is with this in mind that ESABis able to supply a market fromdifferent factories, in order toprovide the best possibledelivery service.26. Production facility certificates91

World leader in welding and cuttingtechnology and systems.ESAB Sales and Support Offices worldwideESAB operates at the forefront ofwelding and cutting technology. Overone hundred years of continuousimprovement in products andprocesses enables us to meet thechallenges of technological advancein every sector in which ESABoperates.Environmental, Health & SafetyManagement Systems across all ourglobal manufacturing facilities.At ESAB, quality is an ongoingprocess that is at the heart of all ourproduction processes and facilitiesworldwide.Includes manufacturing facilities of ESAB North America.A wholly owned subsidiary of Anderson Group Inc.Quality and environmentstandardsQuality, the environment and safetyare three key areas of focus. ESAB isone of few international companies tohave achieved the ISO 14001 andOHSAS 18001 standards inMultinational manufacturing, localrepresentation and an internationalnetwork of independent distributorsbrings the benefits of ESAB qualityand unrivalled expertise in materialsand processes within reach of all ourcustomers, wherever they are located.ESAB Sales and Support Offices worldwide* Includes manufacturing facilities of ESAB North America.A wholly owned subsidiary of Anderson Group Inc.Global solutions for local customers - everywhere.ESAB ABBox 8004, SE-402 77 Göteborg, Sweden.Phone: +46 31 50 90 00. Fax: +46 31 50 93 90.E-mail: info@esab.sewww.esab.comReg. No: XA00048720 05 2008