Standard Operating Procedures for Surface Water Sampling

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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY SAMPLING3.4 LAKE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES ..................................................................................................................633.4.1 Collecting a Representative Lakes Sample ..........................................................................................643.4.2 Water Sample Collection .....................................................................................................................663.4.2.1 Secchi Depth.............................................................................................................................................. 663.4.2.2 Beta Bottle ................................................................................................................................................. 673.4.2.2.1 Beta Bottle Collection Point in an Unstratified Lake............................................................................673.4.2.2.2 Beta Bottle Collection Points in an Stratified Lake .............................................................................. 673.4.2.3 Sediment Sample Collection...................................................................................................................... 683.4.2.4 Zooplankton Sampling............................................................................................................................... 69CHAPTER 4BACTERIA COLLECTION........................................................................................................714.1 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE ...............................................................................................................714.1.1 Membrane Filter Sample Collection Procedure..................................................................................724.1.2 Equipment Setup ..................................................................................................................................724.1.3 Filtration and Plating Procedure ........................................................................................................734.1.4 Counting Bacteria Colonies.................................................................................................................754.1.4.1 Computing Bacterial Densities .................................................................................................................. 754.2 COLILERT ® SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................784.2.1 Quanti-Tray/2000 Enumeration Procedure.........................................................................................794.2.2 Procedural Notes .................................................................................................................................824.2.3 Quality Control Procedures.................................................................................................................824.3 LAKE SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR BACTERIA ............................................................................................82CHAPTER 5MEASURING FLOW...................................................................................................................855.1 INSTANTANEOUS DISCHARGE WITH FLOW METER ....................................................................................855.1.1 Field Procedure...................................................................................................................................855.1.2 Meter Error Messages .........................................................................................................................885.1.3 Key Summary.......................................................................................................................................885.2 FLOAT METHOD ........................................................................................................................................895.2.1 Float Method Procedure......................................................................................................................895.3 U.S.G.S. STAFF GAGE...............................................................................................................................895.4 VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENT...................................................................................................................89CHAPTER 6AUTOMATED FIELD EQUIPMENT........................................................................................916.1 RAIN GAGE ...............................................................................................................................................916.1.1 Placement ............................................................................................................................................916.1.2 Pre-trip Activities.................................................................................................................................916.1.3 Maintenance and Calibration..............................................................................................................926.1.4 Downloading data ...............................................................................................................................936.1.5 Post-trip Activities ...............................................................................................................................936.1.6 File storage..........................................................................................................................................946.2 TEMPERATURE GAGES ..............................................................................................................................946.2.1 Placement ............................................................................................................................................946.2.2 Downloading data ...............................................................................................................................946.2.3 Post-trip Activities ...............................................................................................................................956.2.4 File storage..........................................................................................................................................956.3 PORTABLE (AUTOMATIC) SAMPLERS ........................................................................................................956.3.1 General Overview................................................................................................................................956.3.2 Quality Control....................................................................................................................................966.3.3 Placement/Deployment ........................................................................................................................966.3.4 Programming Options .........................................................................................................................986.3.5 Equipment Keys ...................................................................................................................................996.4 WATER LEVEL LOGGERS...........................................................................................................................996.4.1 General Care .......................................................................................................................................996.4.2 Level Logger Field Observations.......................................................................................................1006.4.3 HOBO® U-20 Water Level Loggers..................................................................................................1006.4.3.1 Barometric Pressure Compensation ......................................................................................................... 102REVISED SEPTEMBER 2012viii
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY SAMPLING6.4.4 Global Water WL15 and WL16 Water Level Loggers .......................................................................1026.4.5 In-Situ Level Troll 500 Water Level Loggers.....................................................................................103CHAPTER 7 STREAM ECOSYSTEM MONITORING ...............................................................................1067.1 SAMPLING ORDER ...................................................................................................................................1067.2 COLLECTING MACROINVERTEBRATES.....................................................................................................1077.2.1 Site Selection......................................................................................................................................1077.2.2 Reference Site Selection.....................................................................................................................1087.2.3 When to Sample Macroinvertebrates.................................................................................................1087.2.4 How to Sample Macroinvertebrates ..................................................................................................1097.2.5 duplicate Samples ..............................................................................................................................1117.2.6 Macroinvertebrate Sample Labeling .................................................................................................1117.2.7 Storage...............................................................................................................................................1117.2.8 Chain of Custody ...............................................................................................................................1117.3 DIATOM COLLECTION .............................................................................................................................1127.3.1 Sample Collection and Field Processing...........................................................................................1127.3.2 Labeling.............................................................................................................................................1127.3.3 Preservation and Storage ..................................................................................................................1127.3.4 Chain of Custody ...............................................................................................................................1137.4 HABITAT ASSESSMENTS..........................................................................................................................1137.4.1 Stream Type Identification.................................................................................................................1137.4.2 Reach Length and Complexity ...........................................................................................................1147.4.2.1 Reach Length ........................................................................................................................................... 1147.4.2.2 Reach Complexity.................................................................................................................................... 1147.4.3 Measurements for Determining Stream Type ....................................................................................1157.4.3.1 Determining Bankfull Width ................................................................................................................... 1187.4.3.2 Bankfull Maximum Depth ....................................................................................................................... 1197.4.3.3 Correction Factors.................................................................................................................................... 1197.4.3.4 Field Bankfull Mean Depth...................................................................................................................... 1207.4.3.5 Cross-Sectional Area ............................................................................................................................... 1207.4.3.6 Floodprone width..................................................................................................................................... 1217.4.3.7 Determining Stream Type........................................................................................................................ 1217.4.3.8 Determining Valley Type......................................................................................................................... 1227.4.4 Reach Observations ...........................................................................................................................1227.4.4.1 Organic Debris / Channel Blockages in Active Channel ......................................................................... 1227.4.4.2 Reach Habitat Quality.............................................................................................................................. 1237.4.5 Depositional Features........................................................................................................................1237.4.6 Riparian Association..........................................................................................................................1247.4.7 Pebble Counts....................................................................................................................................1257.4.7.1 Riffle Pebble Count.................................................................................................................................. 1267.4.7.2 Reachwide Pebble Count ......................................................................................................................... 1287.4.7.2.1 How to Calculate Number of Runs and Diversity............................................................................... 1307.4.8 Riffle Geometry..................................................................................................................................1327.4.9 Canopy Density..................................................................................................................................1327.4.9.1 Determining Stream Order....................................................................................................................... 1337.4.10 Riparian Species ...........................................................................................................................1347.4.11 Biological Observations................................................................................................................1357.4.12 Indicators of Excess Nutrients ......................................................................................................1367.4.12.1 Physical – Depositional Area Conditions................................................................................................. 1367.4.12.3 Other indicators of excess nutrients ......................................................................................................... 1377.4.13 Regeneration Potential of Riparian Trees ....................................................................................1387.4.14 Estimating Riparian Vegetation Cover .........................................................................................1397.4.15 Non-Point Source Observations....................................................................................................1407.4.16 Pfankuch Channel Stability Evaluation ........................................................................................1417.4.17 Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Assessment........................................................................1447.4.18 Habitat Assessment .......................................................................................................................1467.4.18.1 Riffle Habitat Quality .............................................................................................................................. 1467.4.18.2 Extent of Riffle Habitat............................................................................................................................ 146REVISED SEPTEMBER 2012ix
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Standard Operating Procedures for Surface Water Sampling

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