IBBS Field operations and monitoring manual English

Integrated Behavioral and Biological SurveillanceField Operations and Monitoring ManualSupporting continuous research into newepidemiological tools, improved methods prevalence. The low-level epidemics arefor building estimates and modeling the characterized by HIV prevalence that does notepidemic.exceed 5% in any defined subpopulation, and isBetter ways of using data for advocacy, less than 1% in pregnant women. Inplanning, monitoring and evaluationpurposes.concentrated epidemics, HIV prevalence isover 5% in at least one subpopulation and lessAccording to the WHO/UNAIDS classification, than 1% in pregnant women. In generalizedthere are three main states of the HIV and AIDS epidemics, HIV is firmly established in theepidemics: low-level, concentrated and general population, and exceeds 1% amonggeneralized. The box describes the pregnant women.classification system according to HIVWHO and UNAIDS classification of HIV/AIDS epidemicsLow-levelHIV prevalence has not consistently exceeded 5% in any defined subpopulation and is5% in at least one defined subpopulation and is 1% in pregnant womenProjections based on the WHO/UNAIDS model sex workers (including males, females andsuggest that approximately 70,000 to 80,000 hijra-transgender) who could spread thepersons are HIV positive in the country, i.e., 0.1 infection at a quick pace.percent of the adult population in Pakistan.Data analysis indicates that HIV/AIDs is most In 2000, the Government of Pakistan through aprevalent in adults between 25-44 years of age. broad consultative process developed aAlthough these numbers are significantly low in National Strategic Framework for HIV and AIDScomparison to other countries in the region, that set out broad strategies for effectivethere exist multiple risk factors which could control of the epidemic. Based on thelead to a rapid upsurge in these numbers. There recommendations provided by the Nationalare substantial numbers of high risk groups Strategic Framework, the Government ofincluding injection drug users and commercial Pakistan expanded its response to combat the6