Proceedings of the Untangled symposium: - WSPA

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Annex 4Submitted abstracts accompanyingposter presentationsspecies listed on the IUCN Red List, 54% are known tohave been entangled or have ingested plastic debris.After analyzing the debris statistics of the 2011International Coastal Cleanup in Chile, ideas ofwhere to focus further researches arise, for examplecarrying out studies in river mouths (where garbageis swept into the ocean), and in areas of the countrywhere intensive aquaculture activities are carried out,such as the beaches of Coquimbo (related to scallopaquaculture), and the south of Chile where salmonare grown intensively. Hence, the garbage related tothis last activity (cages, buoys, ropes) may also be arisk of entanglement.It is suggested that environmental education campaignsin Chile, related to marine debris, should be orientedto the segment of the population that use beachesfor recreational activities; and to the segment ofthe population related to aquaculture and/orfisheries activities.BibliographyAngélica González, Leyla Miranda, and Juan Carlos Ortiz.First Record of a Gravid Marine Turtle from Chile. (2003).Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 4, 716-717.Richard C. Thompson, Bruce E. La Belle, HindrikBouwman, and Lev Neretin. (2011). Marine Debris asa Global Environmental Problem: Introducing asolutions-based framework focused on plastic.Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP-GEF)document, United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP). November 2011.R.B. Clark, in collaboration with Chris Frid andMartin Attrill. (2011). Marine Pollution. Fifth Edition.Oxford University Press.NOAA’s marine debris program: efforts to reducederelict fishing gear including the fishing forenergy partnershipNancy Wallace1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USANancy.Wallace@noaa.govMarine debris is everyone’s problem. It affects everythingfrom the environment to the economy; from fishing andnavigation to human health and safety; from the tiniestcoral polyps to giant blue whales. The National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Marine DebrisProgram (MDP) leads national and international effortsto research, prevent, and reduce the impacts of marinedebris. Derelict fishing gear is one of the major types ofdebris impacting the marine environment today. It cancontinue to fish, known as “ghostfishing,” entanglingand potentially killing marine life, smother habitat, andact as a hazard to navigation. Begun in 2008, Fishingfor Energy is a partnership between NOAA, the NationalFish and Wildlife Foundation and Covanta Energy toprovide fishermen a place to dispose of fishing gear freeof charge. The goal of this program is to reduce derelictfishing gear through prevention activities, and to workwith the fishing community and related industries to findpositive solutions to address derelict fishing gear. Thepartnership provides a place for the fishing communityto dispose of old or derelict fishing gear they recoverwhile at sea at no cost. Partnerships are formed withports, cities, marinas, and fishermen’s cooperativesto reach out to fishermen, provide disposal facilitiesand to advertise the project. Once removed from theenvironment, the gear is transported to the nearestCovanta Energy-from-Waste facility and convertedinto energy. There are currently 31 bins in 9 states and750 tons of gear has been collected to date. The MDPengages in many other research and removal projectsto remove derelict fishing gear from the oceanenvironment to reduce the threat of wildlifeentanglement. These projects occur in areas acrossthe United States including the Northwestern HawaiianIslands, Puget Sound, New England and the Caribbean.This talk will outline the projects underway and how theycan be expanded to other areas to decrease the threat ofwildlife entanglement.48
Annex 4Submitted abstracts accompanyingposter presentations3Rs for eliminating ocean trash: reduce, removeand researchNicholas Mallos1300 19th Street NW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20036,USAMarine debris is a ubiquitous and significant threat tomarine animals and ecosystems. All anthropogenicdebris endangers marine animals, but plastic debris isconsistently noted to negatively impact marine species—particularly derelict fishing gear and packaging materials.Entanglement in or ingestion of plastic debris has beenreported in more than 260 marine species, includingfish, turtles, seabirds and marine mammals. Marinedebris is not new though, and Ocean Conservancyhas been engaged in the issue for more than a quartercentury. Since 1986, citizen scientists around theworld have assembled on a single day in Septemberto participate in Ocean Conservancy’s InternationalCoastal Cleanup for the purpose of ridding our beaches,waterways and ocean of marine debris. Over the past26 years, 9,361,453 volunteers have removed almost153,790,918 pounds of debris from more than 312,000miles of coastline and waterways in 153 countries.Volunteers record every item of debris they collect ona standardized data form and document any entangledanimals—dead or alive. Year after year fishing line,fishing nets, ribbon and string are listed as the mostcommon types of entanglement debris. Collectively,more than 4,400 entangled animals have been foundby volunteers including a diverse range of sea turtle,shark, porpoise and seabird species. These data havebeen utilized around the world in seminal publicationson marine debris and have led to greater awarenessby stakeholders such as product manufacturers,consumers and government officials; data were alsocritical in informing marine debris legislation. These data,combined with entanglement data from the literature,show that marine species are negatively affected bymarine debris; however, large-scale ecosystem impactsremain essentially unknown. Responding to this need,Ocean Conservancy conceptualized a proposal to one ofthe world’s foremost ecological think tanks, the NationalCenter for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS),to host a working group on the ecological impactsof marine debris. The working group will synthesizeexisting data to quantify the amount of plastic in themarine environment and construct a scientific theory ofmarine debris. This first of its kind analysis will identifydemonstrable impacts of plastic debris on the oceanat all tiers of ecological organization such as species,population and ecosystem levels. On paper, it may seemlogical to equate a single cigarette butt to a fishing netor a bottle, but these items pose very different ecologicalperils to marine animals and habitats. Therefore,understanding better the relationship between impacts/risks and size, volume and mass of debris will underlinedebris types most dangerous to marine animals. Thesefindings will ultimately inform real world decision-makingthat address plastics’ end-of-life ecological impacts inthe marine environment. There is no silver bullet to stopmarine debris, but the International Coastal Cleanupand NCEAS Working Group provide practical andcomprehensive approaches to remove dangerous debrisfrom marine environments and reduce the threat ofentanglement for marine animals.Campaign to prevent waste and cleaning of coastalbeaches involving students, tourists and thecommunity. “Take care of your waste and 3 others.”García Píngaro, Rodrigo; Blengini, MarianaBalneario La Paloma, Rocha, Uruguayrodrigo@occ.org.uyTwo local institutions, with the aim of contributing toraising awareness of the garbage impact in our coastalenvironment, merged to involve the community in theprevention and cleaning of the beaches. In the frameworkof Responsible Tourism by the Organization for theConservation of Cetaceans (OCC) in Uruguay, andSeaside English Center (SEC), Beach Cleanup Days havebeen conducted in coastal communities since 2008,such as: La Paloma, Valizas, Punta del Diablo and Puntadel Este. We involved students from two perspectives:EDUCATIONAL, where the goal is to educate about thecare of our beaches and the classification of waste; andFUNCTIONAL, by providing the tools and the technicallanguage necessary for activities related to wastemanagement anywhere in the world (through the Englishlanguage). Part of this is the initiative conducted duringthe summer, when tourists come and beaches49
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