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Lies to protect the suffering .. 135WHITE LIES ............•.•....•...•.......•.....•••.•.•.....••.•..•.......•..........................•.............................. 136Erosion ofour "sense oftruthfulness" 137Evasion ofreality 137Moral handcuffing 138Nurture ofcynicism 138The utilitarian's view 138PLACEBOS 139DECEPTION AS TI-lERAPY •.........•...•.....•.•.....•...•.............•.................•.....•......•...•................... 141THE DAMAGE DONE BY BENEVOLENT LIES 143Benevolent lying corrodes the character ofthe liar 143Benevolent lying breaks community 144The good achieved by lying tends to be short-range good 144Lies to save lives 144MENTAL RESTRAINT 145ROMANTIC DECEPTION 145Power struggles 147Truth bias 147Cognitive dissonance and suspicions 148THE "WOOL" PULLERS 149DISEASE OR DECEPTION: MUNCHAUSEN BY PROXY AS A WEAPON OF THE WEAK 150DECEPTION IN RESEARCH 151THE PRINCIPLE OF VERACITY 151NORMATIVE JUDGEMENTS 152CULTIJRAL EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE 154SECRET SPEECH 154TSOTSITAAL 155PRISON LANGUAGE 157The structure and functioning ofprison gangs 157The tap code 158CRYPTOGRAPHY 159SpyING 160EARLY ESPIONAGE 160SPIES AT COURT 161THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 161MATA HARI.. 161WORLD WAR 1 162CODE-BREAKING 162CODE TALKING 163THE PURPLE CODE 163NAvAJO CODE TALKERS AND THEIR ROLE DURING WORLD WAR II 164The Navajo Code Talker's Dictionary 165Department ofDefence Honours Navajo Veterans 166WlNDTALKERS 166ENIGMA MACHINE 167How THE E:-iIG\IA WAS CRACKED 167BOfl,lBES 167ENCRYPTlON 168STEGANOGRAPHY 168PHISHING 169TELEPHONE A:-iD COMPLTER SC. \IS 169MANIPULATION BY GOVERNMENTS 1709