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According to Gass and Seiter (2003: 265-266) Interpersonal Deception Theory (BuIler andBurgoon (1996) is by far the most cotnprehensive slUDmary of deception resc:arch.. Its goal is to viewdeception as an interactional phenomenon in which both senders and receivers are involved,simultaneously encoding and decoding messages over time. The liar's and the detector's goals,expectations and knowledge affect their thoughts and behaviours in an interaction. In turn, suchthoughts and behaviours affect how accurately lies are detected and whether liars suspect that they aresuspected. Interpersonal Deception Theory argues that a liar's communication consists of bothintentional (strategic) attempts to appear honest and unintentional (non-strategic) behaviours that arebeyond the liar's control.FIrst, according to Gass and Seiter (2003: 265--266), Interpersonal Deception Theory says that,to avoid being detected, liars strategically create messages with certain characteristics. For instance, liarsmight1. Manipulate the information in their mtssagrs in order to dissociate themselves from theJDC'5""'ge (e.g~ liars might refer to themselves very little 50 they distance themselves fromthe responsibility oftheir statements), convey uncerClinty or vagueness (because creatingmessages with a lot of specific details would increase the likelihood of detection), orwithhokI information (e.g., liars might create briefmessages)2 SlroItgicaify ronlroltheir hehaviolir to suppress deception cues (e.g., liars might withdraw bygazing or nodding less than people telling the truth)3. Monage their image by smiling or nodding to make themselves appear more credibkGass and Seiter (2003: 265--266) add that during interactions, deceivers continue to adapt theirbehaviours, thereby supporting the notion that some deceptive behaviour> are strategic.Secoodly, acconIing to Gass and Seiter (2003: 265--266), although liars try to control theirbehaviours strategically, they also exhibit some non-strategic communication. In other words, somebehaviours ''leak out" beyond the liar's awareness or controL As noted previously in the Four-FactorModel, such communication might result from arousaI (e.g., blinks, pupil dilation., vocal nervousness,speech =ors, leg and body movements, and shorter responses) or negative emotions (e.g., lessnodding, less smiling and mott negative statements).46