Applied aeronautics; the airplane - Beeldbibliotheek

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—100 APPLIED AERONAUTICSFuj. 61Hitcrrij clinometerlamps shown in Fi.j;. (>U. When the airplane is in danger of stalling theproper light flashes the information to the pilot. The same is true of theother two lights.The Sperry clinometer is designed \\\i\\ the idea of telling the pilotthe inclination of the axis of the airplane. Fig. 01 is an illustration ofsuch an instrument.Fig. 02 is a cross-section of the same instrument, showing its construction,which, itwill he noted, is based on the principle of the plund)-bol). The scale S is mounted on the periphery of a wheel W, which isdamped by floating in a liquid. The base of the wheel has a small weightX to maintain it constantly in a vertical condition. There is also anexpansion chamber and a filling screw similar to the liquid compass. Itis to be noted that this and similar instruments are subject to an errordue to lag, caused by the inertia of the wheel for an al)rupt change ofdirection. The clinometer is usually mounted in the cockpit where itcan be seen at all times. Skillful pilots pay very little attention to instrumentsof this kind, however, relying almost entirely on instinct.The Automatic DriftBefore explaining the operation of this instrument, it might be wellto include a word in connection Avith the term "drift," as here used. Anaviator, desiring to fly to a point due north of his starting point, with awest wind blowing, will find at the end of a certain length of time thathe is considerablv to the eastward of his destination, having been blownSet
—INSTRUMENTS 101from his course. To .miaid aiiniiist this, two forms of drift indicatorsare in use. The first is very simple and consists of an eyepiece, containinii'cross-hairs similar to a surveyor's transit. Uy lookiuii directly at theground, the ai>]>ar('ntmotion of surface olijects can he (dtsei'ved and madeto coincide with the cross-hairs (»f the eyei)iece. Tliis is done hy rotatingthe eyepiece about the axis of tlu' teh'scope, and tlie anuuint of thisrotation, read from a graduated circle, gives the drift angle directly.pilot then steers "off his course" an amount eijualTheto this angle of driftbut in the opposite direction,A more improved type of this instrument is the Autonmtic Drift Setsho^^n in Fig. 03. As before, an eyepiece is used to determine the angleof drift as observed from the apparent motion of objects on the ground.As the eyepiece turns to coincide with this line of motion, the connectingcablesshown turn the compass case, so that the "lul»l»er line" of thecompass is turned automatically in the opposite direction to the drift,and to an equal amount. The pilot then simply steers his predeterminedcourse on the shifted lubber line.The Bourdon GaugeThis is an instrument for measuring the pressure exerted by a gasor liquid, and is the type used in nearly all steam gauges. It is used onairplanes for registering circulating oil pressure, the pressure of air inFi(j. U2Cross-section of Spcrnj cliitonietcr
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. iiijii | i»iii 1 1 mENGINEERINGL
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APPLIED AERONAUTICS— THE AIRPLANE
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527090Cvll.n^in> ermglibraiyPREFACE
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—CONTENTSPU(JCChapter 1Theory of
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APPLIED AERONAUTICS— THE AIRPLANE
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—THEORY OF FLIGHT 133/c/e £'/e\/
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—THEORY OF FLIGHT 15The exact val
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NTHEORY OF FLIGHT 17
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—THEORY OF FLIGHT 19This simple e
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——THEORY OF FLIGHT 21Fifj. 11Fr
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—THEORY OF FLIGHT 23plane, howeve
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:—THEORY OF FLIGHT ^:5Figs. 1(5 a
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:THEORY OF FLIGHT 27keeping the sur
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THEORY OF FLIGHT 29that tlie eii.ui
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—THEORY OF FLIGHT 31liver at that
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m)THEORY OF FLIGHT 33^300ZOOi"^/oo^
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—THEORY OF FLIGHT 35Cenferof\ Cen
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—THEORY OF FLIGHTZ7iioniml positi
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Chapter 2TYPES OF MACHINESGeneral d
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::TYPES OF MACHINES 41prime requisi
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—Chapter 3SHIPPING, UNLOADING AND
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SHIPPING, UNLOADING AND ASSEMBLING
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RIGGING 47The fuselage is usually c
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Ce^/ff/»- /Sv7ff/Fig. 31Hhomnij pr
Page 54 and 55: 50 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe various l
Page 56 and 57: S2APPLIED AERONAUTICS
Page 58 and 59: 54 APPLIED AERONAUTICSNearly all wo
Page 60 and 61: —:56 APPLIED AERONAUTICSstrengtli
Page 62 and 63: 58 APPLIED AERONAUTICSwith harness
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 5ALIGNMENTFuselage alignmen
Page 66 and 67: :62 APPLIED AERONAUTICSAlignment of
Page 68 and 69: — —64 APPLIED AERONAUTICSSpiht
Page 70 and 71: 66 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe distance
Page 72 and 73: —68 APPLIED AERONAUTICSSpirit Lev
Page 74 and 75: ——70 APPLIED AERONAUTICSAll tii
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 6CARE AND INSPECTIONCleanli
Page 78 and 79: ::—:—74 APPLIED AERONAUTICSEach
Page 80 and 81: :76 APPLIED AERONAUTICSNote : Contr
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 7MINOR REPAIRSPatching hole
Page 84 and 85: :80 APPLIED AERONAUTICSJoininf/ of
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 8INSTRUMENTSCompass—Magne
Page 88 and 89: —84 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe gradua
Page 90 and 91: —86 APPLIED AERONAUTICSCorrection
Page 92 and 93: 88 APPLIED AERONAUTICS1. Place the
Page 94 and 95: —90 APPLIED AERONAUTICSA Napier d
Page 96 and 97: 92 APPLIED AERONAUTICSliis error. l
Page 98 and 99: 94 APPLIED AERONAUTICSaiiisni neces
Page 100 and 101: —96 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThere is a
Page 102 and 103: —98 APPLIED AERONAUTICSopeuing or
Page 106 and 107: —102 APPLIED AERONAUTICSF'hi. 63
Page 108 and 109: —104 APPLIED AERONAUTICSAAfoB ful
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 9NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTI
Page 112 and 113: ;108 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe axis pe
Page 114 and 115: noAPPLIED AERONAUTICSCAPACITY-CARRY
Page 116 and 117: 112 APPLIED AERONAUTICSDRIP CLOTH
Page 118 and 119: 114 APPLIED AERONAUTICSFull—The m
Page 120 and 121: 116 APPLIED AERONAUTICSRAKE—The a
Page 122 and 123: 118 APPLIED AERONAUTICSSTABILIZING
Page 124 and 125: 120 APPLIED AERONAUTICSYAW—To yaw
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