Applied aeronautics; the airplane - Beeldbibliotheek

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28 APPLIED AERONAUTICSFig. 20 shows four different positions of the plane correspondingtofour different angles of attack. In each case the machine is flvinghorizontally, though at first sight one might think that in position 4 themachine was climbing.Fig. 20FOUR POSITIONS FOR FLIGHT(1) Minimum angle.—This is the smallest angle at which horizontal flight can bemaintained for a given power, area of surface, and total weight. The minimum anglegives the maximum horizontal flight velocity at low altitude. Note that the propelleraxis is inclined slightly downwards when flying at this angle.(2) Optimum atngle.—This is the angle at which the lift-drift ratio is highest. Inmodern airplanes the propeller axis is generally horizontal at the optimum angle, asshown at (2) in the above figure. Note that in the position shown the velocity of theairplane will be less than when flying at the minimum angle. The effective area ofwings and angle of incidence for the optimum angle are such as to secure a slight climbingtendency at low altitude(3) Best climbing angle.—This angle is a compromise between the optimum andmaximum angles. Modern airplanes are designed with a compromise between climband horizontal velocity. At this angle the difference between the power developed andthe power required is a maximum, hence the best climb is obtained at this angle.See Fig. 22.(4) Maximum angle.—This is the greatest angle at which horizontal flight can bemaintained for a given power, area of surface and total weight. If the angle is increasedover this maximum, the lift diminishes and the machine falls.It would seem at first that we have entirely neglected the engine,especially as there is a general impression that the yelocity of a machinedepends upon the power of the engine, while as a matter of fact the formof wing sections together with the plane's dimensions are equally, If notmore, important. In tlie preceding discussion we have simply assumed
THEORY OF FLIGHT 29that tlie eii.uiiic liad tlic necessary powci- t(» iiiaiiitaiii the ]»hiiie at sucli avehx-ity as was (h'teniiined l)y that aiiule of attack at wiiicli the i»ih>tdrives the maeliiue.Engine PowerThe power of any enjiiue is measured by the velocity at which it canmove a body against a ^ven resistance, and its nnit. the horsepower, maybe define
Page 1 and 2: . iiijii | i»iii 1 1 mENGINEERINGL
Page 5: APPLIED AERONAUTICS— THE AIRPLANE
Page 9 and 10: 527090Cvll.n^in> ermglibraiyPREFACE
Page 11 and 12: —CONTENTSPU(JCChapter 1Theory of
Page 13 and 14: APPLIED AERONAUTICS— THE AIRPLANE
Page 15 and 16: —THEORY OF FLIGHT 133/c/e £'/e\/
Page 17 and 18: —THEORY OF FLIGHT 15The exact val
Page 19 and 20: NTHEORY OF FLIGHT 17
Page 21 and 22: —THEORY OF FLIGHT 19This simple e
Page 23 and 24: ——THEORY OF FLIGHT 21Fifj. 11Fr
Page 25 and 26: —THEORY OF FLIGHT 23plane, howeve
Page 27 and 28: :—THEORY OF FLIGHT ^:5Figs. 1(5 a
Page 29: :THEORY OF FLIGHT 27keeping the sur
Page 33 and 34: —THEORY OF FLIGHT 31liver at that
Page 35 and 36: m)THEORY OF FLIGHT 33^300ZOOi"^/oo^
Page 37 and 38: —THEORY OF FLIGHT 35Cenferof\ Cen
Page 39 and 40: —THEORY OF FLIGHTZ7iioniml positi
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2TYPES OF MACHINESGeneral d
Page 43 and 44: ::TYPES OF MACHINES 41prime requisi
Page 45 and 46: —Chapter 3SHIPPING, UNLOADING AND
Page 47 and 48: SHIPPING, UNLOADING AND ASSEMBLING
Page 49 and 50: RIGGING 47The fuselage is usually c
Page 52 and 53: Ce^/ff/»- /Sv7ff/Fig. 31Hhomnij pr
Page 54 and 55: 50 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe various l
Page 56 and 57: S2APPLIED AERONAUTICS
Page 58 and 59: 54 APPLIED AERONAUTICSNearly all wo
Page 60 and 61: —:56 APPLIED AERONAUTICSstrengtli
Page 62 and 63: 58 APPLIED AERONAUTICSwith harness
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 5ALIGNMENTFuselage alignmen
Page 66 and 67: :62 APPLIED AERONAUTICSAlignment of
Page 68 and 69: — —64 APPLIED AERONAUTICSSpiht
Page 70 and 71: 66 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe distance
Page 72 and 73: —68 APPLIED AERONAUTICSSpirit Lev
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Page 76 and 77: Chapter 6CARE AND INSPECTIONCleanli
Page 78 and 79: ::—:—74 APPLIED AERONAUTICSEach
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:76 APPLIED AERONAUTICSNote : Contr
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Chapter 7MINOR REPAIRSPatching hole
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:80 APPLIED AERONAUTICSJoininf/ of
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Chapter 8INSTRUMENTSCompass—Magne
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—84 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe gradua
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—86 APPLIED AERONAUTICSCorrection
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88 APPLIED AERONAUTICS1. Place the
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—90 APPLIED AERONAUTICSA Napier d
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92 APPLIED AERONAUTICSliis error. l
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94 APPLIED AERONAUTICSaiiisni neces
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—96 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThere is a
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—98 APPLIED AERONAUTICSopeuing or
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—100 APPLIED AERONAUTICSFuj. 61Hi
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—102 APPLIED AERONAUTICSF'hi. 63
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—104 APPLIED AERONAUTICSAAfoB ful
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Chapter 9NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTI
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;108 APPLIED AERONAUTICSThe axis pe
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noAPPLIED AERONAUTICSCAPACITY-CARRY
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112 APPLIED AERONAUTICSDRIP CLOTH
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114 APPLIED AERONAUTICSFull—The m
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116 APPLIED AERONAUTICSRAKE—The a
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118 APPLIED AERONAUTICSSTABILIZING
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120 APPLIED AERONAUTICSYAW—To yaw
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARYLos
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