Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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the mental foramen, and presence of an accessory mandibular foramen. Additionally, five measurements (bigonial width, bicondylar breadth, mandibular length, mandibular angle, and minimum ramus breadth) also are included to account for size differences between male and female individuals. A large sample of modern individuals from two continents (North America and Africa) is used, all having documented age, sex, and ancestry. Chapter 2 examines previous studies that have focused on determining ancestry from the mandible. Chapter 3 presents the sample populations, the utilized traits, the methods used to score each trait, and a summary of statistical methods used in the study. Chapter 4 presents the results of the statistical analyses. Finally, in Chapter 5, the findings are discussed in the broader context of forensic analysis. 9
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND The most reliable skeletal element for determining ancestry is the skull (Rathbun & Buikstra, 1984; Krogman, 1986, Novotny et al. 1993). However, the most widely used area of the cranium is the face, which is comprised of thin and fragile bone. While the majority of anthropologists focus primarily on the cranium, few studies have sufficiently analyzed mandibular characteristics as dependable ancestral indicators. The mandible is more robust than the facial bones, therefore, it is more likely to survive in an archeological or forensic setting. Some have argued that the mandible is not useful in the determination of ancestry (Jankowsky, 1930; Morant et al., 1923), whereas other studies have demonstrated that the opposite is true (Angel and Kelley, 1990; Parr, 2003; Rhine, 1990; Schulz, 1933). Early Studies Metric. Between the early 1900’s and 1990, few studies were conducted on the mandible. Most of these studies are obscure, difficult to obtain, and in a language other than English. Jankowsky (1930, as cited in Krogman, 1986) conducted a metric analysis of 15 individuals from Europe, Africa, Java, Australia, Japan, and Polynesia as a means for determining ancestry. Using two indices constructed from measurements of the mandibular ramus and corpus, Jankowsky concluded that there was so much variability between the populations that the mandible could not be used for determining ancestry. However his sample size was essentially too small to draw any definitive conclusions. In 1936, Morant and colleagues conducted a metric study to determine the effectiveness of mandibular measurements in ancestry determination. The measurements and methods used 10
Page 1 and 2: Determination of Ancestry from Disc
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I would like to dedicate
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT In the field of forensic a
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .
Page 9 and 10: a,b,c) were the first to show that
Page 11 and 12: 1998, p. 102): Most non-metric trai
Page 13 and 14: Sex. A number of researchers have f
Page 15: statistics. Being discontinuous in
Page 19 and 20: Murphy (1957) performed another non
Page 21 and 22: younger and older adults. Modern St
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 2.3. Rhine’s (1990) Non-Met
Page 25 and 26: displaying the trait. In the entire
Page 27 and 28: European Americans and Africans. Be
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2.5. Populations Analyzed for
Page 31 and 32: mandibles. Thirty-two percent of th
Page 33 and 34: Sawyer and colleagues (1998) conduc
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Manjunath, 2003), while other
Page 37 and 38: performed using chi-squared analysi
Page 39 and 40: archeological setting. On the other
Page 41 and 42: collections are usually prehistoric
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3.3. Age Distribution for the
Page 45 and 46: The African American males have an
Page 47 and 48: “2” is assigned when a moderate
Page 49 and 50: Square: this category includes thos
Page 51 and 52: continuously varying independent va
Page 53 and 54: Descriptive Statistics CHAPTER 4: R
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 4.4. Location of Inversion Fr
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4.10. Mandibular Border Form
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 4.16. Muscle Attachment Sites
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 4.22. Accessory Mandibular Fo
Page 63 and 64: TABLE 4.28. Chin Shape Frequencies.
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 4.34. Position of the Mental
Page 67 and 68:
TABLE 4.37. Male and Female Trait F
Page 69 and 70:
Ordinal Regression on All Populatio
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trait is on the border (p = 0.051)
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 4.44. Ordinal Regression Para
Page 75 and 76:
the dependent variables. Age is the
Page 77 and 78:
ANCOVA output for mandibular length
Page 79 and 80:
The ANCOVA results show that ancest
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African Americans (96%). From these
Page 83 and 84:
with Rhine (1990), 69% of the Europ
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(Giles, 1964). In fact, Hunter and
Page 87 and 88:
female sample displays robust muscl
Page 89 and 90:
mandibular corpus increases in leng
Page 91 and 92:
have the largest bicondylar breadth
Page 93 and 94:
displays predominately slight evers
Page 95 and 96:
African American vs. Native African
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eadth. As expected, males have a wi
Page 99 and 100:
accessory mandibular foramen, chin
Page 101 and 102:
displayed by Native Africans includ
Page 103 and 104:
determination of ancestry. The numb
Page 105 and 106:
LITERATURE CITED Akabori K (1934) C
Page 107 and 108:
Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976
Page 109 and 110:
Lundy, JK (1980) The mylohyoid brid
Page 111 and 112:
Rosing FW (1984) Discreta of the hu
Page 113:
Zivanovic S (1970) Some morphologic
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Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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