Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Stephen Nawrocki for the endless guidance and knowledge that he bestowed upon me. I am also appreciative for all of the time, effort, and financial support that he put into my trip to South Africa. Additionally, I am grateful to Dr. Christopher Schmidt for his support and assistance throughout the course of this study. I would also like to thank Dr. Mike Warren, Dr. David Hunt, Lyman Jellema, and Dr. Jan Meiring for allowing me access to their collections. I would also like to express my extreme gratitude to Dr. Maryna Steyn, Dr. Erika L’Abbé, and Marius Loots for being such gracious hosts, tour guides, and friends during my stay in South Africa. I am also forever grateful to my friends at the University of Indianapolis for their constant support. I would especially like to thank Janene Curtis, Molly Hill, and Krista Latham for setting the bar high so that I could only attempt to follow; Adam Kolatorowicz for his friendship; Bobbie Leeper for never leaving my side for two months; Carlos Zambrano for putting up with my occasional ranting and raving, now and for six more years; Jeremy Potter for helping me out when I was in a bind and for being so patient and understanding; Sarah Kiley for being an amazing roommate and even better friend; and last but not least, Jenn Harms for many much needed laughs, always being a shoulder to lean on, and for sharing two difficult but amazing years with me. iii
ABSTRACT In the field of forensic anthropology, the construction of a biological profile is of utmost importance in the identification of a decedent. The biological profile includes the age, sex, stature, and ancestry of the individual. Of these, ancestry is considered the most difficult to determine. The purpose of this study is to build on previous non-metric studies of the mandible to determine whether it may be used to differentiate between individuals of European and African ancestry. This study looks at skeletal remains from the Hamann-Todd Collection, the Terry Collection, a contemporary forensic collection at the University of Florida, and the Pretoria Bone Collection in South Africa. A total of 921 individuals with documented age, sex, and ancestry were analyzed. Twelve non-metric traits were examined: ramus inversion, location of inversion, gonial eversion, mandibular border form, mandibular tori, robusticity of muscle attachment sites, mylohyoid bridging, accessory mandibular foramen, chin prominence, chin shape, number of mental foramina, and the position of the mental foramen. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to determine if there was a relationship between trait frequency and side. This test was also used to see if there was a significant amount of intra- observer error between the first and second scorings of the Florida sample. Ordinal regression was utilized to determine the effect, if any, that age, sex, ancestry, and the interaction between sex and ancestry have on any given non-metric trait. Six traits differed significantly between the left and right sides. Intra-observer error was relatively low, with two traits showing a significant difference between the first and second observations. Nine out of 12 traits were significantly affected by ancestry. However, due to the iv
Page 1 and 2: Determination of Ancestry from Disc
Page 3: DEDICATION I would like to dedicate
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .
Page 9 and 10: a,b,c) were the first to show that
Page 11 and 12: 1998, p. 102): Most non-metric trai
Page 13 and 14: Sex. A number of researchers have f
Page 15 and 16: statistics. Being discontinuous in
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND The most reli
Page 19 and 20: Murphy (1957) performed another non
Page 21 and 22: younger and older adults. Modern St
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 2.3. Rhine’s (1990) Non-Met
Page 25 and 26: displaying the trait. In the entire
Page 27 and 28: European Americans and Africans. Be
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2.5. Populations Analyzed for
Page 31 and 32: mandibles. Thirty-two percent of th
Page 33 and 34: Sawyer and colleagues (1998) conduc
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Manjunath, 2003), while other
Page 37 and 38: performed using chi-squared analysi
Page 39 and 40: archeological setting. On the other
Page 41 and 42: collections are usually prehistoric
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3.3. Age Distribution for the
Page 45 and 46: The African American males have an
Page 47 and 48: “2” is assigned when a moderate
Page 49 and 50: Square: this category includes thos
Page 51 and 52: continuously varying independent va
Page 53 and 54: Descriptive Statistics CHAPTER 4: R
Page 55 and 56:
TABLE 4.4. Location of Inversion Fr
Page 57 and 58:
TABLE 4.10. Mandibular Border Form
Page 59 and 60:
TABLE 4.16. Muscle Attachment Sites
Page 61 and 62:
TABLE 4.22. Accessory Mandibular Fo
Page 63 and 64:
TABLE 4.28. Chin Shape Frequencies.
Page 65 and 66:
TABLE 4.34. Position of the Mental
Page 67 and 68:
TABLE 4.37. Male and Female Trait F
Page 69 and 70:
Ordinal Regression on All Populatio
Page 71 and 72:
trait is on the border (p = 0.051)
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 4.44. Ordinal Regression Para
Page 75 and 76:
the dependent variables. Age is the
Page 77 and 78:
ANCOVA output for mandibular length
Page 79 and 80:
The ANCOVA results show that ancest
Page 81 and 82:
African Americans (96%). From these
Page 83 and 84:
with Rhine (1990), 69% of the Europ
Page 85 and 86:
(Giles, 1964). In fact, Hunter and
Page 87 and 88:
female sample displays robust muscl
Page 89 and 90:
mandibular corpus increases in leng
Page 91 and 92:
have the largest bicondylar breadth
Page 93 and 94:
displays predominately slight evers
Page 95 and 96:
African American vs. Native African
Page 97 and 98:
eadth. As expected, males have a wi
Page 99 and 100:
accessory mandibular foramen, chin
Page 101 and 102:
displayed by Native Africans includ
Page 103 and 104:
determination of ancestry. The numb
Page 105 and 106:
LITERATURE CITED Akabori K (1934) C
Page 107 and 108:
Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976
Page 109 and 110:
Lundy, JK (1980) The mylohyoid brid
Page 111 and 112:
Rosing FW (1984) Discreta of the hu
Page 113:
Zivanovic S (1970) Some morphologic
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Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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