Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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effects of sex, age, and the sensitivity of ordinal regression, some of these traits may be less useful than others in determining ancestry in unknown cases. Ramus inversion, gonial inversion, muscle attachment sites, chin shape, number of mental foramina, and position of the mental foramen are the most effective traits to use when determining ancestry. However, caution must be taken because all of them except the number of mental foramen are significantly affected by sex. The number of mental foramina may be the most reliable trait because it is statistically and practically significant and it is not affected by sex, age, or the interaction between sex and ancestry. However, multiple foramina are very rare in all populations studied. European individuals were found to most likely posses little to no ramus inversion, no gonial eversion (straight gonia), gracile muscle attachment sites, a round or square chin, one mental foramen, and a more anteriorly placed mental foramen. Individuals of African descent were more likely to display moderate to extreme ramus inversion, gonial inversion, a round chin, and multiple mental foramina. This study is the first multivariate study conducted on discrete mandibular traits used for the determination of ancestry. Employing ordinal regression on a large sample of identified individuals, this study determines whether sex and age affect the incidence of each trait independently of ancestry. Additionally individuals from two separate continents are examined; therefore, the findings are applicable for worldwide use. While ancestry determination from the cranium has been established as reliable in the literature, a suite of characteristics derived from multiple bones is preferred. The inclusion of mandibular traits builds on previous non-metric studies and helps to increase the reliability of ancestral determination from the skeleton. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Acknowlegements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Chapter 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2: Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Chapter 3: Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Chapter 4: Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 vi
Page 1 and 2: Determination of Ancestry from Disc
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I would like to dedicate
Page 5: ABSTRACT In the field of forensic a
Page 9 and 10: a,b,c) were the first to show that
Page 11 and 12: 1998, p. 102): Most non-metric trai
Page 13 and 14: Sex. A number of researchers have f
Page 15 and 16: statistics. Being discontinuous in
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND The most reli
Page 19 and 20: Murphy (1957) performed another non
Page 21 and 22: younger and older adults. Modern St
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 2.3. Rhine’s (1990) Non-Met
Page 25 and 26: displaying the trait. In the entire
Page 27 and 28: European Americans and Africans. Be
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2.5. Populations Analyzed for
Page 31 and 32: mandibles. Thirty-two percent of th
Page 33 and 34: Sawyer and colleagues (1998) conduc
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Manjunath, 2003), while other
Page 37 and 38: performed using chi-squared analysi
Page 39 and 40: archeological setting. On the other
Page 41 and 42: collections are usually prehistoric
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3.3. Age Distribution for the
Page 45 and 46: The African American males have an
Page 47 and 48: “2” is assigned when a moderate
Page 49 and 50: Square: this category includes thos
Page 51 and 52: continuously varying independent va
Page 53 and 54: Descriptive Statistics CHAPTER 4: R
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 4.4. Location of Inversion Fr
Page 57 and 58:
TABLE 4.10. Mandibular Border Form
Page 59 and 60:
TABLE 4.16. Muscle Attachment Sites
Page 61 and 62:
TABLE 4.22. Accessory Mandibular Fo
Page 63 and 64:
TABLE 4.28. Chin Shape Frequencies.
Page 65 and 66:
TABLE 4.34. Position of the Mental
Page 67 and 68:
TABLE 4.37. Male and Female Trait F
Page 69 and 70:
Ordinal Regression on All Populatio
Page 71 and 72:
trait is on the border (p = 0.051)
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 4.44. Ordinal Regression Para
Page 75 and 76:
the dependent variables. Age is the
Page 77 and 78:
ANCOVA output for mandibular length
Page 79 and 80:
The ANCOVA results show that ancest
Page 81 and 82:
African Americans (96%). From these
Page 83 and 84:
with Rhine (1990), 69% of the Europ
Page 85 and 86:
(Giles, 1964). In fact, Hunter and
Page 87 and 88:
female sample displays robust muscl
Page 89 and 90:
mandibular corpus increases in leng
Page 91 and 92:
have the largest bicondylar breadth
Page 93 and 94:
displays predominately slight evers
Page 95 and 96:
African American vs. Native African
Page 97 and 98:
eadth. As expected, males have a wi
Page 99 and 100:
accessory mandibular foramen, chin
Page 101 and 102:
displayed by Native Africans includ
Page 103 and 104:
determination of ancestry. The numb
Page 105 and 106:
LITERATURE CITED Akabori K (1934) C
Page 107 and 108:
Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976
Page 109 and 110:
Lundy, JK (1980) The mylohyoid brid
Page 111 and 112:
Rosing FW (1984) Discreta of the hu
Page 113:
Zivanovic S (1970) Some morphologic
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Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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