Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

TABLE 2.4. Analyzed Traits and Their Categories from Berg (2001). Trait Categories Shape of chin bilobate blunt pointed square Lower border of mandible undulating straight rocker Ascending ramus shape pinched wide Ascending ramus profile straight medium slanted Gonial flare inverted straight/absent slight medium everted Mandibular torus present absent Posterior ramus edge inversion absent slight medium strong pinched ramus 30% of the time, while 80% of Rhine’s European sample had pinched rami. The inclusion of Rhine’s data seems to dramatically alter the results. As a result, Berg stated that this trait may be poorly defined and that the categories of “pinched” and “wide” are difficult to differentiate between researchers. A similar predicament was found when scoring ascending ramus profile. The addition of Rhine’s data to the sample results in 96% of the European American sample having slanted rami. The incidence of mandibular tori does not differ between ancestral groups, with each group having a low occurrence of the trait. Half of the individuals analyzed displayed little or no gonial flare; eversion was present and was more common in 19
European Americans and Africans. Berg’s data on inversion of the posterior ramus are consistent with Angel and Kelley’s data. Africans had the highest percentage of inversion, while SE Asians and European Americans rarely showed the trait. In sum, only three traits were found useful for differentiating between the three populations: bilobate chin in European Americans, rocker jaw in SE Asians and Africans, and an inverted posterior ramus in Africans. While Berg is successful in obtaining a large sample for his SE Asian population, he has a meager sample for his African and European American samples. In an effort to strengthen his study, he included data from previous studies but increases the chance of inter-observer error in the process. Furthermore, Berg used rudimentary statistics by simply recording the frequency of each trait per population. By only using males and not controlling for age, this study does not account for factors that may play an important part in trait expression. By far, the most valuable aspect in Berg’s study is his documentation of SE Asian traits. In the field of forensic anthropology, Native Americans have generally been used as a substitute for Asian populations. However, Berg notes that traits that are common in Native Americans are not as prevalent as those seen in SE Asians. The majority of the data that has been published for Native Americans do not concur with Berg’s SE Asian data, especially in regards to the inferior mandibular border and ascending ramus profile. Therefore, SE Asian populations should be studied in more depth and not placed into the Native American category. Studies of Specific Traits In addition to broader studies on a variety of traits in different populations, there are several studies that concentrate on one specific trait. These studies generally do not use complex statistical testing; instead, they employ simple descriptive statistics and focus on documenting 20
Page 1 and 2: Determination of Ancestry from Disc
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I would like to dedicate
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT In the field of forensic a
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .
Page 9 and 10: a,b,c) were the first to show that
Page 11 and 12: 1998, p. 102): Most non-metric trai
Page 13 and 14: Sex. A number of researchers have f
Page 15 and 16: statistics. Being discontinuous in
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND The most reli
Page 19 and 20: Murphy (1957) performed another non
Page 21 and 22: younger and older adults. Modern St
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 2.3. Rhine’s (1990) Non-Met
Page 25: displaying the trait. In the entire
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2.5. Populations Analyzed for
Page 31 and 32: mandibles. Thirty-two percent of th
Page 33 and 34: Sawyer and colleagues (1998) conduc
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Manjunath, 2003), while other
Page 37 and 38: performed using chi-squared analysi
Page 39 and 40: archeological setting. On the other
Page 41 and 42: collections are usually prehistoric
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3.3. Age Distribution for the
Page 45 and 46: The African American males have an
Page 47 and 48: “2” is assigned when a moderate
Page 49 and 50: Square: this category includes thos
Page 51 and 52: continuously varying independent va
Page 53 and 54: Descriptive Statistics CHAPTER 4: R
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 4.4. Location of Inversion Fr
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4.10. Mandibular Border Form
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 4.16. Muscle Attachment Sites
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 4.22. Accessory Mandibular Fo
Page 63 and 64: TABLE 4.28. Chin Shape Frequencies.
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 4.34. Position of the Mental
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 4.37. Male and Female Trait F
Page 69 and 70: Ordinal Regression on All Populatio
Page 71 and 72: trait is on the border (p = 0.051)
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 4.44. Ordinal Regression Para
Page 75 and 76: the dependent variables. Age is the
Page 77 and 78:
ANCOVA output for mandibular length
Page 79 and 80:
The ANCOVA results show that ancest
Page 81 and 82:
African Americans (96%). From these
Page 83 and 84:
with Rhine (1990), 69% of the Europ
Page 85 and 86:
(Giles, 1964). In fact, Hunter and
Page 87 and 88:
female sample displays robust muscl
Page 89 and 90:
mandibular corpus increases in leng
Page 91 and 92:
have the largest bicondylar breadth
Page 93 and 94:
displays predominately slight evers
Page 95 and 96:
African American vs. Native African
Page 97 and 98:
eadth. As expected, males have a wi
Page 99 and 100:
accessory mandibular foramen, chin
Page 101 and 102:
displayed by Native Africans includ
Page 103 and 104:
determination of ancestry. The numb
Page 105 and 106:
LITERATURE CITED Akabori K (1934) C
Page 107 and 108:
Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976
Page 109 and 110:
Lundy, JK (1980) The mylohyoid brid
Page 111 and 112:
Rosing FW (1984) Discreta of the hu
Page 113:
Zivanovic S (1970) Some morphologic
show all

Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?