Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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TABLE 2.2. Zivanovic’s (1970) Trait Categories and Frequencies for Males and Females. Percentages indicate those individuals with the trait. Trait Categories Male % Female % Shape of chin Well-developed 54.9 43.1 Moderate 31.3 37.3 Very small 10.2 11.8 Absent 3.5 7.8 Number of mental foramina Single 91.2 93.1 (average of left & right side) Double 5.6 2.9 Triple 1.9 3.9 Four or more 1.2 3.9 Position of mental foramen P1 0.3 0.0 P1/P2 8.1 3.8 P2 58.4 55.8 P2/M1 30.7 34.6 M1 2.2 5.7 M1/M2 0.3 0.0 Alveolar mental foramen Single 95.0 95.1 (average of left & right side) Double 2.3 2.9 Three or more 1.0 0.0 Absent 1.6 2.0 Genial foramen Supraspinous 65.5 70.6 Interspinous 21.5 25.5 Infraspinous 52.1 51.0 Genial tubercles Absence of both lower tubercles Absence of one lower 9.4 5.9 tubercle 20.0 33.3 Mandibular torus Present 0.0 0.0 Absent 100.0 100.0 15
TABLE 2.3. Rhine’s (1990) Non-Metric Traits of the Mandible. Percentages indicate those individuals with the trait. European % Native American % African American % American (n = 53) (n = 12) (n = 7) Parabolic dental arcade 42.2 Elliptic dental arcade 100.0 Blunt chin 100.0 Bilobate chin 48.1 Blunt chin 100.0 Vertical chin 100.0 Prominent chin 69.2 Vertical chin 100.0 Pinched ascending ramus 100.0 Undulating 66.7 Straight mandibular 66.7 Slanted ascending 100.0 mandible border ramus Pinched ascending 86.0 Wide ascending 66.7 Straight gonial angle 50.0 ramus ramus Straight gonial 22.0 Vertical ascending 66.7 angle ramus Everted gonial angle 66.7 Unfortunately, a number of basic problems degrade the quality of the study. For example, Rhine states that a straight mandibular border is characteristic of African Americans. However, his data shows that of the three African Americans analyzed, none actually had a straight mandibular border. Another discrepancy describes European Americans as possessing a straight gonial angle. Nonetheless, the data shows that only 22% of European Americans displayed straight gonia, while 72% exhibited an everted gonial angle. Another problem with this study is the small sample size that is not equally distributed between the various populations. There is a disproportionate number of European Americans in comparison with the rest of the sample. Confidence cannot be placed in a study with such a small number of African American and Native American skulls. Therefore, the results may not be indicative of what may be found in the American population as a whole. Furthermore, even though the European American sample is considerably larger than the other samples, it may be inappropriate to make generalizations to an entire population from 53 individuals. The range of 16
Page 1 and 2: Determination of Ancestry from Disc
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I would like to dedicate
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT In the field of forensic a
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .
Page 9 and 10: a,b,c) were the first to show that
Page 11 and 12: 1998, p. 102): Most non-metric trai
Page 13 and 14: Sex. A number of researchers have f
Page 15 and 16: statistics. Being discontinuous in
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND The most reli
Page 19 and 20: Murphy (1957) performed another non
Page 21: younger and older adults. Modern St
Page 25 and 26: displaying the trait. In the entire
Page 27 and 28: European Americans and Africans. Be
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2.5. Populations Analyzed for
Page 31 and 32: mandibles. Thirty-two percent of th
Page 33 and 34: Sawyer and colleagues (1998) conduc
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Manjunath, 2003), while other
Page 37 and 38: performed using chi-squared analysi
Page 39 and 40: archeological setting. On the other
Page 41 and 42: collections are usually prehistoric
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3.3. Age Distribution for the
Page 45 and 46: The African American males have an
Page 47 and 48: “2” is assigned when a moderate
Page 49 and 50: Square: this category includes thos
Page 51 and 52: continuously varying independent va
Page 53 and 54: Descriptive Statistics CHAPTER 4: R
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 4.4. Location of Inversion Fr
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4.10. Mandibular Border Form
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 4.16. Muscle Attachment Sites
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 4.22. Accessory Mandibular Fo
Page 63 and 64: TABLE 4.28. Chin Shape Frequencies.
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 4.34. Position of the Mental
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 4.37. Male and Female Trait F
Page 69 and 70: Ordinal Regression on All Populatio
Page 71 and 72: trait is on the border (p = 0.051)
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 4.44. Ordinal Regression Para
Page 75 and 76:
the dependent variables. Age is the
Page 77 and 78:
ANCOVA output for mandibular length
Page 79 and 80:
The ANCOVA results show that ancest
Page 81 and 82:
African Americans (96%). From these
Page 83 and 84:
with Rhine (1990), 69% of the Europ
Page 85 and 86:
(Giles, 1964). In fact, Hunter and
Page 87 and 88:
female sample displays robust muscl
Page 89 and 90:
mandibular corpus increases in leng
Page 91 and 92:
have the largest bicondylar breadth
Page 93 and 94:
displays predominately slight evers
Page 95 and 96:
African American vs. Native African
Page 97 and 98:
eadth. As expected, males have a wi
Page 99 and 100:
accessory mandibular foramen, chin
Page 101 and 102:
displayed by Native Africans includ
Page 103 and 104:
determination of ancestry. The numb
Page 105 and 106:
LITERATURE CITED Akabori K (1934) C
Page 107 and 108:
Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976
Page 109 and 110:
Lundy, JK (1980) The mylohyoid brid
Page 111 and 112:
Rosing FW (1984) Discreta of the hu
Page 113:
Zivanovic S (1970) Some morphologic
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Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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