Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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foramen in humans is one. Of the populations analyzed, all had at least one case of multiple mental foramina, except for the Japanese and Egyptian samples. The discrepancy in the Japanese and Egyptian samples may be due to their small size (n = 5 and n = 39 individuals, respectively). Africans displayed the highest frequency of accessory mental foramina at 16%. Following Simonton’s discovery of multiple mental foramina in various populations, Riesenfeld (1956) performed a similar study using nine different ancestral groups from the American Museum of Natural History (n = 8,836 skulls). Of the groups analyzed, all contained incidences of accessory mental foramina ranging from 2.1% in the Washington Indians to 12.1% in the Polynesians (see Table 2.6). Data from Simonton’s and Riesenfeld’s studies indicate that the presence of multiple mental foramina is a universal occurrence. TABLE 2.6. Frequency of Multiple Mental Foramina in Various Populations from Riesenfeld’s Study (1956). Percentages indicate those sides with the trait. Group # of Sides Examined % Polynesians 40 12.1 Melanesians 484 9.7 Africans 512 8.0 Bolivian Indians 92 7.6 Utah Indians 293 5.1 Egyptians 830 3.6 Northwest Coast Indians 607 3.3 Hungarians 989 2.9 Washington Indians 140 2.1 25
Sawyer and colleagues (1998) conducted one of the more recent studies of the mandible by looking at accessory mental foramina. Four ancestral populations were analyzed: South Asian Indians (n = 234), African Americans (n = 166), European Americans (n = 255), and Pre- Columbian Nazca Native Americans (n = 50). Each mandible was scored bilaterally for the presence of accessory mandibular foramina. At most, two foramina were found per individual in each population. The European American and Indian populations were least likely to have accessory mandibular foramina, with an incidence of 1.4% and 1.5%, respectively. Accessory foramina were present in 4.4% of the African American sample, while the Nazca mandibles were reported to have the highest frequency at 8.5%. This trait did not display any significant sex or side differences. While Sawyer and associates did demonstrate that there were frequency differences between each population analyzed, these differences are not adequate enough to effectively discriminate from one population to the next. Studies on the position of the mental foramen. The mental foramen is most commonly situated beneath the fourth premolar (Simonton, 1923; Montagu, 1954; Gershenson et al., 1986; Shankland, 1994). However, its position variable and may change location in cases of extreme resorption of the mandible due to tooth loss and in cases of extreme tooth wear (Simonton, 1923; Montagu, 1954; Gershenson et al., 1986; Green & Darvell, 1988). In an early study on the mental foramen, Simonton (1923) documented the position of the mental foramen in different ancestral groups. Nine populations were analyzed showing that that the mental foramen is most commonly situated below the forth premolar (P4) (see Table 2.7). However, Simonton demonstrated that its position may vary depending on the population analyzed. While the frequencies of these populations differ, they may not be sufficient to differentiate one ancestral group from another. 26
Page 1 and 2: Determination of Ancestry from Disc
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I would like to dedicate
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT In the field of forensic a
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .
Page 9 and 10: a,b,c) were the first to show that
Page 11 and 12: 1998, p. 102): Most non-metric trai
Page 13 and 14: Sex. A number of researchers have f
Page 15 and 16: statistics. Being discontinuous in
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND The most reli
Page 19 and 20: Murphy (1957) performed another non
Page 21 and 22: younger and older adults. Modern St
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 2.3. Rhine’s (1990) Non-Met
Page 25 and 26: displaying the trait. In the entire
Page 27 and 28: European Americans and Africans. Be
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2.5. Populations Analyzed for
Page 31: mandibles. Thirty-two percent of th
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Manjunath, 2003), while other
Page 37 and 38: performed using chi-squared analysi
Page 39 and 40: archeological setting. On the other
Page 41 and 42: collections are usually prehistoric
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3.3. Age Distribution for the
Page 45 and 46: The African American males have an
Page 47 and 48: “2” is assigned when a moderate
Page 49 and 50: Square: this category includes thos
Page 51 and 52: continuously varying independent va
Page 53 and 54: Descriptive Statistics CHAPTER 4: R
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 4.4. Location of Inversion Fr
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4.10. Mandibular Border Form
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 4.16. Muscle Attachment Sites
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 4.22. Accessory Mandibular Fo
Page 63 and 64: TABLE 4.28. Chin Shape Frequencies.
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 4.34. Position of the Mental
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 4.37. Male and Female Trait F
Page 69 and 70: Ordinal Regression on All Populatio
Page 71 and 72: trait is on the border (p = 0.051)
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 4.44. Ordinal Regression Para
Page 75 and 76: the dependent variables. Age is the
Page 77 and 78: ANCOVA output for mandibular length
Page 79 and 80: The ANCOVA results show that ancest
Page 81 and 82: African Americans (96%). From these
Page 83 and 84:
with Rhine (1990), 69% of the Europ
Page 85 and 86:
(Giles, 1964). In fact, Hunter and
Page 87 and 88:
female sample displays robust muscl
Page 89 and 90:
mandibular corpus increases in leng
Page 91 and 92:
have the largest bicondylar breadth
Page 93 and 94:
displays predominately slight evers
Page 95 and 96:
African American vs. Native African
Page 97 and 98:
eadth. As expected, males have a wi
Page 99 and 100:
accessory mandibular foramen, chin
Page 101 and 102:
displayed by Native Africans includ
Page 103 and 104:
determination of ancestry. The numb
Page 105 and 106:
LITERATURE CITED Akabori K (1934) C
Page 107 and 108:
Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976
Page 109 and 110:
Lundy, JK (1980) The mylohyoid brid
Page 111 and 112:
Rosing FW (1984) Discreta of the hu
Page 113:
Zivanovic S (1970) Some morphologic
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Christopher W. Schmidt - University of Indianapolis Archeology ...

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