Impacts of Government Policies on Sustenance of Tribal ... - Samata

More documents

Recommendations

Info

76 o 50' and 86 o 30 E longitude in a northeastto southwest strike. The Deccan Plateau liesto the west, between the Eastern and WesternGhats, and to the east are the coastal plainsparallel to the Bay <strong>of</strong> Bengal. The Ghatscover a total area <strong>of</strong> around 75,000 sq kmand have an average width <strong>of</strong> 220 km to thenorth and 100 km to the south.The Eastern Ghats spread across the states<strong>of</strong> Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu;and parts <strong>of</strong> Mysore and Kolar districts <strong>of</strong>Karnataka also touch these Ghats. They aredivided into the northern, middle andsouthern Eastern Ghats. The northernportion <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Ghats extend from theRiver Mahanadi to the River Godavaricovering, in Orissa, the districts <strong>of</strong>Sambalpur, Angul, Cuttack, Bolangir,Mayurbhanj, Kalahandi, Ganjam,Dhenkenal, Gajapathi, Phulbani andKoraput, and in Andhra Pradesh the districts<strong>of</strong> Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, WestGodavari and parts <strong>of</strong> Khammam. This parthas an altitude <strong>of</strong> above 400 m with a fewpeaks exceeding 1,100 m. The highest peakis Mahendragiri range at 1,516 m. Themiddle Eastern Ghats extend from the RiverKrishna towards the city <strong>of</strong> Chennai (inTamil Nadu state) in the south. In AndhraPradesh the districts covered are Krishna,Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Kurnool,Nellore, Anantapur, Cuddapah, Chittoor andPrakasham. The average elevation is 750 m.The southern Eastern Ghats meet the highmountain ranges <strong>of</strong> the Western Ghats in theNilgiri belt and cover in Tamil Nadu thedistricts <strong>of</strong> North Arcot, Villupuram, Salem,Chengalpattu, Dharmapuri, Tiruchirapalliand Coimbatore.The mean temperature in January rangesbetween 20°C and 32.5°C and summertemperatures range between 30°C and 35°C.The maximum temperature can reach 41°Cwith an increasing trend from north to south.The Eastern Ghats falls under the tropicalmonsoon climate receiving rainfall fromRich natural resource base andbiodiversity <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Ghatsboth the southwest and the northeastretreating monsoon. The northern portion <strong>of</strong>the Ghats receives rainfall between 1,000mm and 1,600 mm annually indicating subhumidclimate. However, parts in Orissasometimes receive as high as 2,000–3,000mm. The average annual rainfall in themiddle Eastern Ghats is 685 mm. Thesouthern part receives between 600 mm and1,000 mm rainfall exhibiting a semi-aridclimate. Heavy winter rains coupled withcyclonic storms are characteristic <strong>of</strong> thecoastal eastern portion. Humidity reaches ashigh as 70–75 percent during the rainyseason.Natural resources, biodiversity andecological significanceIn terms <strong>of</strong> biodiversity the Western Ghatsare richer; however, the Eastern Ghats toohave significant biodiversity and a richnatural resource base. Unlike the WesternGhats the Eastern Ghats are not so welldocumented. There are very littlecomprehensive studies conducted on theflora and fauna occurring in the EasternGhats region. Several wildlife sanctuariesand reserve forests provide protection to thediversity in the region.Vegetation typeThere is a diversity in vegetation thatincludes the tropical moist deciduous type,tropical dry deciduous type, mixed drydeciduous forests, dry savannah forests,thorny scrub, tropical semi-evergreen andtropical evergreen (Table 1: Vegetationtypes <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Ghats).4
Table 1: Vegetation types <strong>of</strong> the Eastern GhatsVegetation typeRegionTropical evergreen forestsTropical semi-evergreenforestsTropical moist deciduous forests sub-divided into:A. Northern sub-tropicaldeciduous forests (salforests)B. Southern Indian tropicalmoist deciduous forests(non-sal forests)C. Southern tropical moistdeciduous riverian forestsValleys <strong>of</strong> Shevaroy hills <strong>of</strong> southern Eastern Ghats, small patch<strong>of</strong> forests in Laksmipuram <strong>of</strong> Visakhapatnam in northernEastern GhatsMoist valleys <strong>of</strong> Simlipal forests, Atai, Mahendragiri, Banguruforests and parts <strong>of</strong> Ganjam and Koraput districts, Sapparla,Dharakonda, Galikonda, Tanjavanam, Minumuluru, some areasnear Ananthagiri, Nulakamaddi, Maredumilli <strong>of</strong> northernEastern Ghats and Shervaroy hills <strong>of</strong> southern Eastern GhatsDistricts <strong>of</strong> Kalahandi, Pulbani, Ganjam, Koraput andSrikakulam and northeastern border area <strong>of</strong> VizianagaramdistrictRampa Agency, Maredumilli areas <strong>of</strong> East Godavari district,parts <strong>of</strong> West Godavari district, small patches <strong>of</strong> Nallamalais,Talakona and some parts <strong>of</strong> Seshachalam hill ranges <strong>of</strong> middleEastern Ghats and parts <strong>of</strong> southern Eastern GhatsSpread in very limited areas along banks and the dried riverbeds, represent a distinct ecotypeTropical dry deciduous forests divided into:A.Teak bearing forests Distributed over northern and middle Eastern Ghats <strong>of</strong> AndhraPradesh and dominated by valuable timber tree speciesB.Non-teak bearing forests Distributed along the Seshachalam hill ranges <strong>of</strong> middle EasternGhats, and North Arcot <strong>of</strong> southern Eastern GhatsMixed dry deciduous forests divided into:A.Northern mixed drydeciduous forestsB.Southern mixed drydeciduous forestsDry savannah forestsScrub forestsTropical dry evergreenforestsTropical dry evergreenscrubDistributed in restricted areas in Sukinda-Rebna, Keonjhargarharea, Nigirda-Llung area (Mayurbhanj district) , and parts <strong>of</strong>Angul, Kalahandi, Ganjam and Koraput districts <strong>of</strong> OrissaFound in drier areas <strong>of</strong> all regions <strong>of</strong> Eastern GhatsFormed mostly as a result <strong>of</strong> biotic interference and arescattered throughout the area, covered with stunted tree speciesSeen all along the Eastern Ghats in larger or smaller areasFound in south Cuddapah, Sriharikota and Mamandur valley inSeshachalam hill rangesSaidapet division and Madurantakam in Tamil NaduSource: Sandhya Rani, S and T. Pullaiah. 2002. A taxonomic survey <strong>of</strong> trees in Eastern Ghats. In: Proceedings <strong>of</strong>the National Seminar on Conservation <strong>of</strong> Eastern Ghats, 24–26 March 2002, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Pp5–15.5
Page 4: List of Abbreviati
Page 7 and 8: IntroductionThe Constitution <stron
Page 9: Mitra, a community-based organisati
Page 13 and 14: Faunal diversityFaunal records incl
Page 15 and 16: are typical of hig
Page 17 and 18: vegetables, fruits, and roots and t
Page 20 and 21: union territories in the country en
Page 22 and 23: exploitation in the Scheduled Areas
Page 24 and 25: and more than 10.13 lakh titles hav
Page 26 and 27: A coffee plantatio
Page 28 and 29: capacity building of</stron
Page 30 and 31: Rs. 40/- per kg was obtained; almos
Page 32 and 33: Table 5: Exploration data for bauxi
Page 34 and 35: Adivasi women at the public hearing
Page 36 and 37: division. The coastline is broken a
Page 38 and 39: stream. In 2007 piped water to a ta
Page 40 and 41: Table 7: Land details of</s
Page 42 and 43: improve the soil fertility; finger
Page 44 and 45: lack gram, green gram, ginger, chil
Page 46 and 47: Table 10 : Land area under c<strong
Page 48 and 49: purposes only. Wood from different
Page 50 and 51: Table 13: NTFP collection calendarP
Page 52 and 53: Orangesgrown athomeSome amount <str
Page 54 and 55: Hens are raised for meat and sold f
Page 56 and 57: emaining had worked anywhere betwee
Page 58 and 59: Major findings and discussion• Ag
Page 60 and 61:
nutrition with meat from huntingadd
Page 62 and 63:
government are oft
Page 64 and 65:
Forested hill slopes of</st
Page 66 and 67:
supplementing the inadequate housin
Page 68 and 69:
Table 15: Some data on child labour
Page 70 and 71:
of a range NTFP an
Page 72 and 73:
• The environment is facing sever
Page 74 and 75:
Land alienation and violation <stro
Page 76 and 77:
ReferencesAgarwal, A. and S. Narain
Page 78 and 79:
Government Order M
Page 80 and 81:
Sudhir, SNV. 2005. Nalco trip fails
Page 82 and 83:
Common name Local name Botanical na
Page 84 and 85:
Annexure 3: Compensation paid for l
Page 86 and 87:
Integrated Tribal Development Autho
Page 88:
Dhaatri Resource Centre for Women a
show all

Impacts of Government Policies on Sustenance of Tribal ... - Samata

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?