Impacts of Government Policies on Sustenance of Tribal ... - Samata

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lack gram, green gram, ginger, chilly,tomato, niger and black-eyed peas at thesantha (many cases at Sunkermetta andDamuku) to traders. Red gram was the mostwidely sold crop. Occasionally little millet,kidney beans, round beans and maize werealso sold to the traders at local santhasPaddy was sold in a few instances only bythe villagers at Nimmalpadu. Red gram andkidney beans was sold at around Rs. 40/-per kg, ginger and tomato at Rs. 12/- per kg,niger at about Rs. 20/- per kg, and greengram and black gram at Rs. 15/- per kg.Paddy sold was between Rs. 20/- and Rs.30/- per kg. 5The harvest retained for domesticconsumption, after sale and retention asseed stock, provide a degree <strong>of</strong> food securityto the families, in the absence <strong>of</strong> which theywould be forced to depend on purchase <strong>of</strong>these items from the open market. This foodsecurity is reflected in the comparativelylower dependence on the public distributionsystem (PDS) for meeting household needs<strong>of</strong> rice, cereals, pulses and vegetables. Themillets like finger millet, little millet, foxtailand pearl millet were able to meet therequirements <strong>of</strong> the family for 4–12 monthsdepending on the family size. The differenttypes <strong>of</strong> pulses—green gram, horse gram,red gram and black gram—lasted the familyfor 3–5 months. Paddy grown inNimmalpadu villages sustained a majority<strong>of</strong> the families for 7–12 months, whereas inBeespuram the paddy grown lasted forabout 4–8 months. At any rate, the variety<strong>of</strong> millets, paddy, pulses and vegetables metthe domestic requirements for food for aconsiderable period <strong>of</strong> the year. Theadivasis normally have two meals a day.Ambali, a gruel made from finger millet, isalso a staple in their daily diet.Kitchen gardens near homesHarvesting paddy by cutting stalks using a sickleMillets harvested by loping <strong>of</strong>f the cobs5 These are approximate estimates as provided by the interviewees.Paddy and millets being dried after harvest38
Produce being taken to the santhafor saleThe expenditure on agriculture was towardslabour for ploughing, weeding andharvesting, cow manure, fertiliser, pesticide,hiring <strong>of</strong> livestock for ploughing and insome instances purchase <strong>of</strong> seeds forsowing. Majority <strong>of</strong> the labour wascontributed by the family members. Chargesfor hired labour are at the rate <strong>of</strong> Rs. 50/-per day per person, raised from Rs. 30/- theprevious year as a result <strong>of</strong> increased cost <strong>of</strong>living and increase in wage rates in c<strong>of</strong>feeplantations in the region. Hired labourincluded members from the same orneighboring villages. Seeds were alsopurchased from the Agriculture Office,Forest Department, ITDA or from othervillagers. Fertiliser is purchased fromAgriculture Office, traders at Damuku andSunkermetta in Ananthagiri and is eitherDAP (di-ammonium phosphate) or urea.Pesticides, like malaria prophylaxis arebought from traders in the local santhas, andin one case from S Kota, but their use is stillvery limited. Expenditure in Beespuram onagriculture ranged between Rs. 1,000/- andRs. 5,000/- (and in once case as high as Rs.11,250/- spent on labour and cow manure),while in Nimmalpadu as well it was in thesame range (except in one instance where itwas Rs. 20,820/- spent primarily on cowmanure). Cow manure was purchased bythose who usually did not own anylivestock. But on the whole the expenditureon inputs into agriculture was low.C<strong>of</strong>fee cultivationC<strong>of</strong>fee cultivation was introduced inBeespuram village by the C<strong>of</strong>fee Board andthe Paderu ITDA (according to theinterviewees). The interviewees said thatthey had been cultivating c<strong>of</strong>fee since 1982,while others gave varying years <strong>of</strong> late1980s and early 1990s to as recently as 2008in one case. All the interviewees said thatthey had taken up c<strong>of</strong>fee cultivation toaugment their income. Initially the c<strong>of</strong>feesaplings were provided by the ITDA and theC<strong>of</strong>fee Board. A few <strong>of</strong> the intervieweeshad purchased saplings in the nextprocurement, while others whose plants haddried had been able to procure the samefrom the C<strong>of</strong>fee Board nursery, the ITDAnursery in their village or from NaandiFoundation. Among the interviewees theland area under c<strong>of</strong>fee cultivation rangedfrom 3–5 acres (Table 10: Land area underc<strong>of</strong>fee cultivation, Beespuram).C<strong>of</strong>fee plants are prone to attack by insectpests, wild animals and birds. Insects(locally called arumudatha), those thatcause yellow leaf/worm disease did affectthe crops in Beespuram. Birds like peacockand wild monkeys consumed the c<strong>of</strong>feefruits, while wild boar caused damage to thec<strong>of</strong>fee plants. The villagers spend aconsiderable amount <strong>of</strong> time guarding thecrops from these wild animal and birdattacks. Dead plants affected by the insectpests are normally removed and replacedwith new saplings. One <strong>of</strong> the intervieweesC<strong>of</strong>fee plantation in Beespuram3939
Page 4: List of Abbreviati
Page 7 and 8: IntroductionThe Constitution <stron
Page 9 and 10: Mitra, a community-based organisati
Page 11 and 12: Table 1: Vegetation types o
Page 13 and 14: Faunal diversityFaunal records incl
Page 15 and 16: are typical of hig
Page 17 and 18: vegetables, fruits, and roots and t
Page 20 and 21: union territories in the country en
Page 22 and 23: exploitation in the Scheduled Areas
Page 24 and 25: and more than 10.13 lakh titles hav
Page 26 and 27: A coffee plantatio
Page 28 and 29: capacity building of</stron
Page 30 and 31: Rs. 40/- per kg was obtained; almos
Page 32 and 33: Table 5: Exploration data for bauxi
Page 34 and 35: Adivasi women at the public hearing
Page 36 and 37: division. The coastline is broken a
Page 38 and 39: stream. In 2007 piped water to a ta
Page 40 and 41: Table 7: Land details of</s
Page 42 and 43: improve the soil fertility; finger
Page 46 and 47: Table 10 : Land area under c<strong
Page 48 and 49: purposes only. Wood from different
Page 50 and 51: Table 13: NTFP collection calendarP
Page 52 and 53: Orangesgrown athomeSome amount <str
Page 54 and 55: Hens are raised for meat and sold f
Page 56 and 57: emaining had worked anywhere betwee
Page 58 and 59: Major findings and discussion• Ag
Page 60 and 61: nutrition with meat from huntingadd
Page 62 and 63: government are oft
Page 64 and 65: Forested hill slopes of</st
Page 66 and 67: supplementing the inadequate housin
Page 68 and 69: Table 15: Some data on child labour
Page 70 and 71: of a range NTFP an
Page 72 and 73: • The environment is facing sever
Page 74 and 75: Land alienation and violation <stro
Page 76 and 77: ReferencesAgarwal, A. and S. Narain
Page 78 and 79: Government Order M
Page 80 and 81: Sudhir, SNV. 2005. Nalco trip fails
Page 82 and 83: Common name Local name Botanical na
Page 84 and 85: Annexure 3: Compensation paid for l
Page 86 and 87: Integrated Tribal Development Autho
Page 88: Dhaatri Resource Centre for Women a

Impacts of Government Policies on Sustenance of Tribal ... - Samata

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