Impacts of Government Policies on Sustenance of Tribal ... - Samata

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Table 2: Main hill ranges in the Eastern GhatsName <strong>of</strong> the hills, districtNorthern Eastern GhatsOrissa—Districts <strong>of</strong> Sambalpur and Bolangir(Gandhamardan hills), Mayurbhanj and Kalahandi(Khondmal hills), Phulbani and KoraputAndhra Pradesh—Srikakulam (Palakonda-Antikonda-Burrakonda ranges), Vizianagaram andVisakhapatnam (Madgole hills-Ananthagiri-Chintapalli-Sapparla-Gudem-Marripakalau hillranges), East Godavari (Gurtedu-Addateegala-Rampachodavaram-Maredumalli ranges), WestGodavari (Polavaram, Papikonda ranges)Altitudes <strong>of</strong> the hillsAltitude <strong>of</strong> above 400 m, few peakswith above 1,100 m. Mahendragiri1,510 m, Debmali Prabar 1,672 m(Koraput district), Koraput 1,515 m,Singaraju Parbar 1,516 m, Devagiri1,381.2 m, Turiakionda 1,598 m,Hatimali 1,391 m, Chandragiri1,269 m, Armakonda 1,680 m,Dharakonda 1,365 m, Sambarikondanear Gudem village 1,527 m,Galikonda 1,643 mMiddle Eastern GhatsAndhra Pradesh—District <strong>of</strong> Krishna (Kondapalliranges), Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Prakasam(Nallamalai hills), Anantapur, Cuddapah, Chittoor andPrakasam (Palakonga-Seshachalam-Lankamala-Nagari hills) and Nellore (Veligonda range)Average elevation 750 m.Nallamalais 800 m, Seshachalamhills 850 mSouthern Eastern GhatsTamil Nadu—North Arcot (Javadi hills), South Arcot(Gingee hills), Salem (hills <strong>of</strong> Shevaroy, Kollimalaihills, Kalrayan and Bodamalai), Dharmapuri (Melahirihills), Tiruchirapalli (Pachamalai hills)Javadi hills up to 1,375 m,Pachamalais hills up to 1,000 m.Shervaroy hill (400–1,600 m), Kolihills 1,000–1,500 mSource: Sandhya Rani, S and T. Pullaiah. 2002. A taxonomic survey <strong>of</strong> trees in Eastern Ghats. In: Proceedings<strong>of</strong> the National Seminar on Conservation <strong>of</strong> Eastern Ghats, 24–26 March 2002, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.Pp 5–15.Geology and mineralsThe Eastern Ghat belt is commonly referredto as the Eastern Ghats granulite belt ingeological nomenclature. The belt extendsfor 1,000 km in a northeast-southwestdirection along the east coast <strong>of</strong> India. Thebelt seems to have developed in two stagesduring the early Proterozoic and middle tolate Proterozoic ages. The predominantlithounits in the belts are khondalites,charnockites, basic granulites, leptynites,megacrystic granites while the intrusiveconsists <strong>of</strong> alkaline, ultramafic, anorthositic(layered and massive) rocks distributed atmany tectonically disturbed zones <strong>of</strong> the belt.The two most typical rock types <strong>of</strong> theEastern Ghats are charnockites andkhondalites and are <strong>of</strong> the Precambrian age.The early British geologists coined thenames in India, the former after JobCharnock the founder <strong>of</strong> Calcutta and thelatter named by the geologist TL. Walkerafter the Khond tribes <strong>of</strong> Orissa. Such rocks8
are typical <strong>of</strong> high metamorphic gradesknown as granulites and rocks <strong>of</strong> granuliteprovinces are known to have formed bymetamorphism at high temperatures andsubstantial depth. The geochronologic dataso far available suggests that the EasternGhats were subjected to high grademetamorphic conditions over a periodextending over thousands <strong>of</strong> millions <strong>of</strong>years. Thus the terrain being one <strong>of</strong> highgrade metamorphic rocks, it containsminerals appropriate to origin under suchconditions and also minerals produced byweathering processes. The high temperatureminerals include graphite, crystallinemarble, manganese ore and gemstones.Products <strong>of</strong> weathering include oxidisedproducts <strong>of</strong> manganese ore and bauxites.Morphologically the area exhibits conicalhills, gently sloping plateaus and broad,confined valleys. Bauxite deposits occurmostly on the gentle to moderately slopingplateaus. Khondalite, in general forms thehills, while the charnockite occupy thelower slopes and intervening valleys. Theminerals <strong>of</strong> economic importance in theGhats thus include limestone, bauxite,chromite, graphite, manganese, mica, coal,asbestos, barite iron ore and tungsten. Otherminerals like apatite, clays, building stonesand quartz are also found. Gem stones andsemi-precious stones like ruby,chroysoberyl, chrysoberyl cats eye,moonstone, diopside, apatite, alexandrite,zircon, sillimanite, garnet and tourmalineare also found to occur in several parts <strong>of</strong>the Ghats.Threats to and conservation <strong>of</strong>the Eastern GhatsThe Eastern Ghats are today under severeenvironmental stress and many <strong>of</strong> thenatural resources therein are not beingmanaged on sound ecological principles toensure sustainable yields. The forest coverin the Ghats is diminishing at a much fasterrate than the replenishment, so also are thereother changes that are affecting the socialand economic milieu <strong>of</strong> the region. Thereare multiple causes for this—developmentactivities, like hydro-electric dams, miningand irrigation projects leading todeforestation and displacement, governmentprogrammes like forestry [joint forestmanagement (JFM), community forestmanagement (CFM)] and monocultures(c<strong>of</strong>fee, cashew, etc) adversely impactingthe environment, livestock and grazingaffecting the vegetation, unscientificextraction <strong>of</strong> NTFP that is depleting theresources, forest fires caused accidentally orwillfully destroying forest cover and in turncausing soil erosion, increasing tourism andits pressure on the ecology, biodiversitybeing lost as result <strong>of</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> exoticspecies like tropical pines, eucalyptusplantations and invasive species likelantana, ipomea, jatropha, etc., an increasingtribal population and more so, an increasingexternal population settling down in thesehill areas, straining the land and limitedresources, and the rising incidents <strong>of</strong>wildlife trade and wood smuggling. Allthese have impacted the diversity andabundance <strong>of</strong> biodiversity and in turn thelifestyles <strong>of</strong> the people, primarily theadivasis <strong>of</strong> the region. The roots, tubers,medicinal plants and small animals thatform a part <strong>of</strong> the tribal peoples’ diet aredepleting resources and affecting adverselythe nutritional balance <strong>of</strong> the adivasis.Livelihoods have also been affected; withforests disappearing resources like grass forthatch, wood for house construction andagricultural implements, and fodder andgrazing land for livestock is becomingscarce.The Western Ghats has receivedconsiderable and consistent attention fromthe environment lobby in the country as aresult <strong>of</strong> its very rich biodiversity. However,threats to the Eastern Ghats are by no meansany less serious. Organisations have beenworking in the region too—some on issues9
Page 4: List of Abbreviati
Page 7 and 8: IntroductionThe Constitution <stron
Page 9 and 10: Mitra, a community-based organisati
Page 11 and 12: Table 1: Vegetation types o
Page 13: Faunal diversityFaunal records incl
Page 17 and 18: vegetables, fruits, and roots and t
Page 20 and 21: union territories in the country en
Page 22 and 23: exploitation in the Scheduled Areas
Page 24 and 25: and more than 10.13 lakh titles hav
Page 26 and 27: A coffee plantatio
Page 28 and 29: capacity building of</stron
Page 30 and 31: Rs. 40/- per kg was obtained; almos
Page 32 and 33: Table 5: Exploration data for bauxi
Page 34 and 35: Adivasi women at the public hearing
Page 36 and 37: division. The coastline is broken a
Page 38 and 39: stream. In 2007 piped water to a ta
Page 40 and 41: Table 7: Land details of</s
Page 42 and 43: improve the soil fertility; finger
Page 44 and 45: lack gram, green gram, ginger, chil
Page 46 and 47: Table 10 : Land area under c<strong
Page 48 and 49: purposes only. Wood from different
Page 50 and 51: Table 13: NTFP collection calendarP
Page 52 and 53: Orangesgrown athomeSome amount <str
Page 54 and 55: Hens are raised for meat and sold f
Page 56 and 57: emaining had worked anywhere betwee
Page 58 and 59: Major findings and discussion• Ag
Page 60 and 61: nutrition with meat from huntingadd
Page 62 and 63: government are oft
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Forested hill slopes of</st
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supplementing the inadequate housin
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Table 15: Some data on child labour
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of a range NTFP an
Page 72 and 73:
• The environment is facing sever
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Land alienation and violation <stro
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ReferencesAgarwal, A. and S. Narain
Page 78 and 79:
Government Order M
Page 80 and 81:
Sudhir, SNV. 2005. Nalco trip fails
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Common name Local name Botanical na
Page 84 and 85:
Annexure 3: Compensation paid for l
Page 86 and 87:
Integrated Tribal Development Autho
Page 88:
Dhaatri Resource Centre for Women a
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