Impacts of Government Policies on Sustenance of Tribal ... - Samata

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division. The coastline is broken at pointsby bald-headed hills. While the altitude inthe plains division is about 75 m that <strong>of</strong> thehills extends to an average <strong>of</strong> 900 m withthe highest altitude being 1,615 m. In terms<strong>of</strong> climatic conditions, while the coastalregions have a warm climate, as one movestowards the hilly areas the temperaturelowers as a result <strong>of</strong> the altitude andvegetation. The annual rainfall that thedistrict receives is 1,202 mm, primarilyfrom the southwest monsoon that accountsfor more than 70 percent <strong>of</strong> the rainfall. Thenortheast monsoon, and the summer andwinter showers contribute the rest. TheAgency and inland areas receive rainfallfrom the southwest monsoon while thecoastal regions are more favoured by thenortheast monsoon. The district lies in theriver basin <strong>of</strong> the Thandava, Varaha, Saradaand Gosthani rivers and the larger rivuletsflowing through it include Meghadrigeddaand Ghambheeragedda.The geographical area <strong>of</strong> the district is11,161 sq km which is 4.1 percent <strong>of</strong> thearea <strong>of</strong> the entire state. Of this only 36.45percent is arable land. Of the arable area, thenet area sowed forms 27.2 percent whilecultivable waste and fallow (current andold) lands constitute about 9.2 percent(during 2006-07). More than one-third <strong>of</strong>the land i.e., 39.53 percent is covered byforests. The remaining is distributedbetween ‘barren and uncultivable land’ 11.7percent and 9 percent is ‘land put to nonagriculturaluse’. Administratively thedistrict is divided into three revenuedivisions and 43 mandals.The population <strong>of</strong> the district is 38.32 lakhsas per the 2001 Census and this constitutes 5percent <strong>of</strong> the population <strong>of</strong> the state. Thedistrict has a population density <strong>of</strong> 343 perpersons per sq km; however, the Agencyarea has a lower density than the plain areas.Fifteen adivasi communities reside in theFifth Schedule area <strong>of</strong> Visakhapatnamdistrict and include the Bagata, Gadaba,Goudu, Kammara, Konda Dora, Khonds,Kotia, Kulia/Mulias, Mali, Manne Dora,Mukha Dora, Porja, Reddi Dora/NookaDora/Mukha Dora, Rona/Rena/Rana andValmiki communities. They comprise 14.55percent <strong>of</strong> the entire districts population(Box 3: ST population indicators forVisakhapatnam district). These tribalpopulations live in hill-top villages orhamlets, many <strong>of</strong> which are very remote anddifficult to access.The case study discussed is <strong>of</strong> two adivasicommunities, the Nooka Dora and KondaDora tribal groups, residing in the villages<strong>of</strong> Beespuram and Nimmalpadu inAnanthagiri mandal <strong>of</strong> Visakhapatnamdistrict. The Nooka Dora numbers 29,680while the Konda Doras are a population <strong>of</strong>179,334 (figures as per the 1991 Census).The case study looks at the livelihoods, foodsecurity, and income and expenditurepatterns <strong>of</strong> these tribal people. A total <strong>of</strong> 39personal interviews using a questionnairewere conducted in two villages—20 fromBeespuram and 19 from Nimmalpadu—toBox 3: ST population indicators for Visakhapatnam districtST population-Total: 557,572ST population-Male: 278,399ST population-Female: 279,173Percentage share <strong>of</strong> ST population to district population: 14.55 percentPercentage to total states ST population: 11.1 percentSource: Census 2001 and Fact Book on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh.Directorate <strong>of</strong> Economics and Statistics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.3030
collect the required data. The Nimmalpaduvillage comprises smaller hamlets and theinterviews were conducted in the hamlets <strong>of</strong>Karakavalasa and Rallavalasa.Village and household informationBeespuram is a village <strong>of</strong> 45 households anda population numbering 197 (men: 74,women: 72, children: 51). The adivasishere are from the Nooka Dora community.There are 10 pucca and 35 kaccha houses inthe village. The pucca houses are madefrom cement with slabs as ro<strong>of</strong>s while thekaccha houses are mud structures with tiledor grass ro<strong>of</strong>ing. The village is located onthe roadside and is accessible by a concreteroad in all weathers. The main water sourcefor the village is a stream and a small lake.The village has electricity connection, ananganwadi and a primary school. The mainhealth problems faced by the village aremalaria, jaundice and diarrhoea. The nearestPHC is located in Ananthagiri about 10 kmfrom the village. Ananthagiri is the mandalheadquarters and has a Veterinary Hospital,Forest Department and AgricultureDepartment Office as well. The local marketor shandy (known locally as santha) forgrains, NTFP and vegetables is also locatedin Ananthagiri. The nearest Reserve Forestis located at Ananthagiri while thecommunity forest accessed by the residentsis situated close to the village itself. Thevillage is located at the foothills <strong>of</strong>Galikonda, one <strong>of</strong> the proposed bauxiteextraction sites.The hamlets <strong>of</strong> Karakavalasa andRallavalasa constitute a part <strong>of</strong> theNimmalpadu village. The total population <strong>of</strong>Karakavalasa village is 117 (men: 53,women: 50, children: 14). The adivasis hereare from the Konda Dora community. Thereare 20 households in the village; 17 puccaand three kaccha houses. The kaccha housesare made <strong>of</strong> mud and ro<strong>of</strong> is <strong>of</strong> tiles orgrass. The road leading to the village ispucca for some distance and kaccha as itnears the village; however, it is accessiblethroughout the year, even during the heavyrains. Water source for the village is from aNimmalpadu village3131
Page 4: List of Abbreviati
Page 7 and 8: IntroductionThe Constitution <stron
Page 9 and 10: Mitra, a community-based organisati
Page 11 and 12: Table 1: Vegetation types o
Page 13 and 14: Faunal diversityFaunal records incl
Page 15 and 16: are typical of hig
Page 17 and 18: vegetables, fruits, and roots and t
Page 20 and 21: union territories in the country en
Page 22 and 23: exploitation in the Scheduled Areas
Page 24 and 25: and more than 10.13 lakh titles hav
Page 26 and 27: A coffee plantatio
Page 28 and 29: capacity building of</stron
Page 30 and 31: Rs. 40/- per kg was obtained; almos
Page 32 and 33: Table 5: Exploration data for bauxi
Page 34 and 35: Adivasi women at the public hearing
Page 38 and 39: stream. In 2007 piped water to a ta
Page 40 and 41: Table 7: Land details of</s
Page 42 and 43: improve the soil fertility; finger
Page 44 and 45: lack gram, green gram, ginger, chil
Page 46 and 47: Table 10 : Land area under c<strong
Page 48 and 49: purposes only. Wood from different
Page 50 and 51: Table 13: NTFP collection calendarP
Page 52 and 53: Orangesgrown athomeSome amount <str
Page 54 and 55: Hens are raised for meat and sold f
Page 56 and 57: emaining had worked anywhere betwee
Page 58 and 59: Major findings and discussion• Ag
Page 60 and 61: nutrition with meat from huntingadd
Page 62 and 63: government are oft
Page 64 and 65: Forested hill slopes of</st
Page 66 and 67: supplementing the inadequate housin
Page 68 and 69: Table 15: Some data on child labour
Page 70 and 71: of a range NTFP an
Page 72 and 73: • The environment is facing sever
Page 74 and 75: Land alienation and violation <stro
Page 76 and 77: ReferencesAgarwal, A. and S. Narain
Page 78 and 79: Government Order M
Page 80 and 81: Sudhir, SNV. 2005. Nalco trip fails
Page 82 and 83: Common name Local name Botanical na
Page 84 and 85: Annexure 3: Compensation paid for l
Page 86 and 87:
Integrated Tribal Development Autho
Page 88:
Dhaatri Resource Centre for Women a
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