4th Edition LANGUAGE! Overview

Focus on Academic LanguageThe LANGUAGE! Contrastive Analysis Charts assist teachers in understanding the difficultiesstudents may encounter when learning English. These charts highlight major differencesin phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax between a student’s first languageand Academic English.Contrastive Analyses: Students’ First Languages With EnglishEach chart identifies predictable areas of difficulty for native speakers of a particular languagewho are learning English:• Chinese• Haitian Creole• Hmong• KhmerContrastive Analyses:American English Variations with Contrastive Academic Analyses: English• KoreanAmerican English Variations with Contrastive Academic Analyses: EnglishAmerican English Variations with Contrastive Academic Analyses: EnglishAfricanAmerican English Variations with Contrastive Academic Analyses: English• Pilipino (Tagalog)American English Variations with Contrastive Academic Analyses:AmericanEnglishPhonological Variations Morphological American Variations English Syntactic Variations Variations with Contrastive Academic Analyses: EnglishPhonological Vernacular Variations Morphological American Variations English Syntactic Variations Variations with Academic English• PortugueseVowelsPlural -sOvergeneralization of the singular pastPhonological Variations Morphological Variations Syntactic VariationsMerge Vowels of / ĭ / and / ĕ / before / m / and / Nouns Plural ending -s in voiceless consonants tense Overgeneralization was to both singular of the and singular plural pastPhonological Variations Morphological Variationsn /: pin (“pen”); him (“hem”). U7.L3.S1 are made plural by adding / ĭz / or by subjects: They Syntactic was (“they VariationsMerge Vowels of / ĭ / and / ĕ / before / m / and / Nouns Plural ending -s in voiceless consonants tense Overgeneralization was to both singular were”); of the and singular We plural pastPhonological Variationsdeleting the final Morphological consonant: desez Variations• Russiann /: pin (“pen”); him (“hem”). U7.L3.S1 are made plural by adding / ĭz / or by was subjects: (“we were”). They Syntactic U5.L8.S3; was (“they VariationsU8.L7.S4;Consonants Merge Vowels of / ĭ / and / ĕ / before / m / and / Nouns Plural ending -s in voiceless consonants tense Overgeneralization was to both singular were”); of the and singular We plural pastPhonological or des’ deleting (“desks”); the final tesez Morphological consonant: tes’ (“tests”) desez Variations U12.L4.S4n /: pin (“pen”); him (“hem”). U7.L3.S1 are made plural by adding / ĭz / or by was subjects: (“we were”). They Syntactic U5.L8.S3; was (“they U8.L7.S4;Stops Consonants Merge Vowels of / ĭ / and / ĕ / before / m / and / Nouns Plural ending -s in voiceless consonants tense Overgeneralization was to both singular were”); of the and singular We plural pastPhonological Variations Morphological Phonological U7.L5.S1 or des’ (“desks”); tesez tes’ (“tests”) Deletion U12.L4.S4n /: pin (“pen”); him Variations deleting the final Morphological(“hem”). U7.L3.S1 are made plural consonant: by adding desez / Syntactic Variations was of (“we a form were”). of be U5.L8.S3; in the present U8.L7.S4;Voiced Stops Consonantsstops in Merge stressed of / syllables ĭ / and / ĕ / before / m / and / Nouns ending in voiceless ĭz consonants / or by subjects: tense They was VariationsSyntactic was (“they VowelsPlural -sOvergeneralization to both singular were”); of the and singular We plural past• SpanishDeletion U7.L5.S1 or of des’ -s(“desks”); “nouns tesez of measure” or tes’ (“tests”) progressive occurs where Academicbecome voiceless: bak (“bag”). U2.L1.Deletion U12.L4.S4n /: deleting the final consonant: desez was of (“we a form were”). of be U5.L8.S3; in the present U8.L7.S4;Voiced Stops Consonantsstops in Merge pinstressed Vowels (“pen”); of / syllables ĭ him / and (“hem”). / ĕ / before U7.L3.S1 / m / and / are Nouns made Plural plural ending -sby in adding voiceless / ĭz consonants / or by subjects: tense Overgeneralization They was to was both (“they singular were”); of the and singular We plural pastTha’ cos’ five dolla’ (“That costs five English uses contractions: I startin’ theS1; become U3.L1.S1; voiceless: U4.L2.S1; bak U6.L3.S1Deletion U7.L5.S1 or of des’ -s(“desks”); “nouns tesez of measure” or tes’ (“tests”) progressive(“bag”). U2.L1.Deletion U12.L4.S4n /: deleting the final consonant: desez was occurs of (“we a form where were”). of be Academic U5.L8.S3; the present U8.L7.S4;Voiced Stops Consonantsstops in Merge pin (“pen”);stressed of / syllables ĭ him / and (“hem”). / ĕ / before U7.L3.S1 / m / and / are Nouns made plural ending by in adding voiceless / ĭz consonants / or by subjects: tense They was to was both (“they singular were”); and We pluraldollars.”). U9.L5.S3car. (“I’m starting the car.”); She eatin’VowelsPluralFricatives S1; -sTha’U3.L1.S1; U4.L2.S1; U6.L3.S1Deletion cos’ U7.L5.S1 five or of des’ dolla’ -s(“desks”); (“That “nouns costs tesez of measure” five or tes’ (“tests”) English progressive uses contractions: I startin’ thebecome voiceless: bak (“bag”). U2.L1.Deletion U12.L4.S4n /: pin (“pen”); him (“hem”). U7.L3.S1 deleting are made the final plural consonant: by Overgeneralization adding desez / ĭz / or by was occurs of (“we a form where were”). of be Academic U5.L8.S3; of the present U8.L7.S4; singular pastVoiced Stops Consonantsstops in stressed syllables dollars.”). U9.L5.S3rice car. (“She’s (“I’m eating starting rice.”). U5.L8.S3;• Vietnamesesubjects: the car.”); They She eatin’was (“they were”); WeThird Person Tha’ -s/ d / Fricatives replaces S1; U3.L1.S1; / th / U4.L2.S1; word-initial U6.L3.S1Deletion cos’ U7.L5.S1 five or of des’ dolla’ deleting -s(“desks”); (“That “nouns the final costs tesez of measure” consonant: five or tes’ (“tests”) desez English progressive uses contractions: I startin’ thebecome voiceless: bak (“bag”). U2.L1.Deletion U12.L4.S4 was occurs of (“we a form where were”). of be Academic U5.L8.S3; the present U8.L7.S4;Voiced Stops Consonantsstops stressed syllablesU9.L3.S4; rice (“She’s U12.L4.S4dollars.”). eating rice.”). U5.L8.S3;position: dis (“this”); dat (“that”). -s in Third third Person Tha’ U9.L5.S3car. (“I’m starting the car.”); She eatin’person singular -s may be/ d / Fricatives replaces S1; U3.L1.S1; / / in U4.L2.S1; word-initial U6.L3.S1Deletion cos’ U7.L5.S1 five or of des’ dolla’ -s(“desks”); in (“That “nouns costs tesez of measure” five or tes’ (“tests”) English progressive uses contractions: I startin’ thebecome voiceless: bak (“bag”). U2.L1.Deletion U12.L4.S4Merge of / ĭ / and / ĕ / before / m / and / Nouns endingoccurs where AcademicVoicedin of a form of be the presentStopsstops stressed syllablesconsonants tense was to both singular and pluralU8.L4.S1; U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs or added toBeen U9.L3.S4; used to mark U12.L4.S4dollars.”). rice (“She’s eating action rice.”). that took U5.L8.S3;position: dis (“this”); dat (“that”). -s in Third third Person Tha’ U9.L5.S3car. (“I’m starting the car.”); She eatin’person singular -s may be/ d / Fricatives replaces S1; U3.L1.S1; / / in U4.L2.S1; word-initial U6.L3.S1Deletion cos’ U7.L5.S1 five of dolla’ -s in (“That “nouns costs of measure” five English progressive uses contractions: I startin’ thebecome voiceless: bak (“bag”). U2.L1.Deletion occurs of a form where of be Academicthe presentVoiced stops stressed syllablesirregular verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinent/ v / U8.L4.S1; replaces U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs or added toBeen U9.L3.S4; used to mark U12.L4.S4dollars.”). U9.L5.S3rice car. (“She’s (“I’m eating action starting rice.”). that the took U5.L8.S3; car.”); She eatin’n /: pin (“pen”); him (“hem”). U7.L3.S1 are madeposition:pluralth dis / in (“this”); word-medial dat (“that”). -s in Third third Person Tha’ person cos’ singular -s five dolla’ may (“That be costs five English uses contractions: I startin’ the/ d / Fricatives replaces S1; become U3.L1.S1; by adding/ / in voiceless: U4.L2.S1; word-initial and bak U6.L3.S1 (“bag”)./ ĭzU2.L1./ or by Deletion of -s in subjects: “nouns of measure” They progressive was occurs (“they where Academic were”); Wegoes there (“We go there.”). U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youirregular verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinentContrastive Analyses:word-final / v / U8.L4.S1; replaces U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs or added toBeen U9.L3.S4; used to mark U12.L4.S4dollars.”). rice (“She’s eating action rice.”). that took U5.L8.S3;position: th dis mover / (“this”); word-medial (“mother”); dat (“that”). -s in Third third Person Tha’ person cos’ U9.L5.S3singular -s five dolla’ may (“That be costs five car. English (“I’m starting uses contractions: the car.”); She I startin’ eatin’ the/ d / Fricatives replaces S1; U3.L1.S1; / / in U4.L2.S1; word-initial and U6.L3.S1forever (“I have known you forever.”).goes there (“We go there.”). U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youbave word-final (“bathe”). U8.L6.S1; mover U12.L5.S1 (“mother”);Possession irregular verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinent/ v / U8.L4.S1; replaces U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs or added toBeen U9.L3.S4; used rice to (“She’s mark U12.L4.S4 eating action rice.”). that tookdeleting the final consonant: desez dollars.”). U9.L5.S3 was (“we were”). U5.L8.S3; U8.L7.S4;position: th dis / in (“this”); word-medial dat (“that”). -s in Third third Person person singular -s may beandVariations forever of (“I the have verb known car. (“I’m Be used you to forever.”).starting the car.”); She eatin’/ d / Fricatives replaces / / in word-initial goes there (“We go there.”). U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youPossessive ’s is in nouns. TheAmerican English Variations/ f / bave replaces word-final (“bathe”). / / in U8.L6.S1; word-medial mover U12.L5.S1 (“mother”);Possession irregular verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinent/ v / U8.L4.S1; replaces U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs or added toBeen U9.L3.S4; used rice to (“She’s mark U12.L4.S4 eating action rice.”). that took U5.L8.S3;Consonantsposition: th dis / in (“this”); word-medial dat (“that”). -s in Third third Person person singular -s mayandindicate be/ d / replaces / / in word-initialVariations forever habitual of (“I the action. have verb known He Be always used you to forever.”). bepossessive goes relies there more (“We on position go there.”). than U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youand / word-final f / bave replaces word-final (“bathe”). position: / / in U8.L6.S1; word-medialanyfing mover U12.L5.S1 (“mother”);Possessive Possession irregular ’s is verbs: in nouns. He run. The (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinent/ v / U8.L4.S1; replaces / U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs doing or addedindicate this toBeen U9.L3.S4; used to mark U12.L4.S4or des’ (“desks”); tesez or tes’ (“tests”) U12.L4.S4action that tookposition: th dis / in (“this”); word-medial dat (“that”). -s in third person singular may be (“He habitual is always action. doing He this.”). always beinflection:andThe man car (“The man’sVariations forever of (“I the have verb known Be used you to forever.”).(“anything”); and word-final baff (“bath”). position: U8.L5.S1;possessive goes relies there more (“We on position go there.”). than U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youanyfingPossessive ’s is in nouns. The U9.L7.S4/ f / bave replaces (“bathe”). / / in U8.L6.S1; word-medial U12.L5.S1 Possession irregular verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinentword-final / v / U8.L4.S1; replaces position: / U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs doing or added this toBeen used to mark action that tookStopsmover (“mother”);(“He is always doing this.”).car.”). U3.L8.S3; U6.L5.S3; U7.L2.S4;indicate habitual action. He always beThese charts examineU12.L5.S1inflection: The man car (“The man’sVariations forever of (“I the have verb known Be used you to forever.”).U7.L5.S1th / in word-medial and(“anything”); and word-final baff (“bath”). position: U8.L5.S1;possessive goes relies there more (“We on position go there.”). than U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youanyfingPossessive ’s is deleted in nouns. TheU7.L7.S4 car.”). U3.L8.S3; U6.L5.S3; U7.L2.S4;Use U9.L7.S4/ f / bave replaces (“bathe”). / / in U8.L6.S1; word-medial U12.L5.S1 Possession irregular verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinentword-final / v / replaces position: / th mover / in word-medial (“mother”);of had doing indicate to this indicate (“He habitual is past always tense: action. doing He He this.”). always beNasals U12.L5.S1inflection:andDeletion ofThe man car (“The man’sVariations forever aof (“I the have verb known Be used you to forever.”).(“anything”); and word-final baff (“bath”). position: U8.L5.S1;possessive goes relies there more (“We on position go there.”).anyfinghadthan U4.L4.S3(present form perfect): of I been in know the you presentVoiced stops in stressed syllablestold me that (“He told me that.”).Possessive U7.L7.S4 car.”).Use U9.L7.S4/ f / bave replaces word-final (“bathe”). / / position: in U8.L6.S1; word-medial mover U12.L5.S1 (“mother”);Possessive Possession ’s is deleted in nouns. Theof had doing to this indicate (“He is past always tense: doing He this.”).’s may U3.L8.S3; be added U6.L5.S3; to mine: U7.L2.S4;indicateReduction Nasals U12.L5.S1inflection: The man car (“The man’sVariations forever habitual of (“I the action. have verb known He Be always used you to forever.”). be(“anything”); of / and ng word-final to / n baff / (“bath”). word-final position: U8.L5.S1; anyfingcontrasts betweenDeletion of -spossessive relies more on positionThis Possessive is U7.L7.S4 mine’s (“This ’s may is be mine.”) added to mine:Variations hadthanUse told U9.L7.S4/ in f / replaces “nouns / / word-medial of measure”bave (“bathe”). U8.L6.S1; U12.L5.S1 Possessive Possession ’s is deleted progressive in nouns. Thein of me subject-verb had doing that to (“He indicate told agreement past that.”).car.”). U3.L8.S3; U6.L5.S3; U7.L2.S4;indicateoccurs this (“He habitual is always wheretense: action. doing He He this.”). alwaysAcademicposition: Reduction Nasals runnin’ U12.L5.S1inflection: The man car (“The man’sVariations of the verb Be used to bebecome voiceless: bak (“bag”). U2.L1.(“anything”); of /(“running”). ng to / n baff / U5.L3.S6;(“bath”). word-final U8.L5.S1;possessiveand word-final position: anyfingPossessive relies ’s is more deleted on position inusingnouns.do and have. She do that. (“SheU8.L9.S1 position: runnin’ (“running”). U5.L3.S6;The This possessive Possessive is U7.L7.S4 mine’s form (“This ’s may whose is be mine.”)Variations hadthan TheUse told U9.L7.S4/ f / replaces / / word-medialin of me subject-verb had doing that to (“He indicate told agreement past that.”).car.”). U3.L8.S3;tense: Hereplaced added U6.L5.S3; to by mine: U7.L2.S4;indicate this (“He habitual is always action. doing He this.”). always beTha’ cos’ five Reduction Nasals U12.L5.S1 dolla’inflection: The man car (“The man’s(“anything”); of / and ng / word-final to /(“That n baff / (“bath”). word-final position: U8.L5.S1; costs anyfing five possessive relies English more ondoesposition usesusing that.”); do You and has have. to She go (“You do that. have (“She towho: I don’t know who car that isAcademic English and:-ing U8.L9.S1The This possessive Possessive is U7.L7.S4 mine’s form (“This ’s may whose is be mine.”)Variations hadthanUse told U9.L7.S4 contractions: I startin’ thein of me subject-verb had doing that to this (“He indicate (“He told agreement is past always that.”). tense: doing He this.”).S1; U3.L1.S1; U4.L2.S1; U6.L3.S1car.”). replaced added to by mine:replaced position: Reduction by Nasals runnin’ -ang U12.L5.S1inflection: U3.L8.S3; The U6.L5.S3; man U7.L2.S4;of /(“running”). single-syllable/ to / n / U5.L3.S6; in word-finalgo.”).(“Thedoes U15.L5.S4;man’s(“anything”); baff (“bath”). U8.L5.S1;that.”); You U17.L9.S4 has to go (“You have to(“I don’t who: know I don’t whose know who that car is.”).using do and have. She do that. (“Shethat iswords: -ing U8.L9.S1 thang replaced position: (“thing”); by runnin’ -ang rang (“running”). single-syllable(“ring”). U5.L3.S6;The This possessive Possessive is U7.L7.S4 mine’s form (“This ’s may whose be mine.”)Variations had Use told U9.L7.S4of me subject-verb had that to (“He indicate told agreement past that.”). tense: Hedollars.”). U9.L5.S3car.”). U3.L8.S3; replaced added U6.L5.S3; car. to by mine: (“I’m U7.L2.S4; starting the car.”); She eatin’Reduction Nasals U12.L5.S1 of / / to / n / in word-final(“I don’t know whose car that is.”).Use go.”). of nonstandard does U15.L5.S4; using that.”); do You and irregular U17.L9.S4 has have. to verbs She go (“You do that. have (“She toU10.L1.S1who: I don’t know who car that iswords: -ing U8.L9.S1 thang replaced position: (“thing”); by runnin’ -ang rang (“running”). single-syllable(“ring”). U5.L3.S6;The This possessive Possessive is U7.L7.S4 mine’s form (“This ’s may whose be mine.”)Variations had Use told of me subject-verb had that to (“He indicate told agreement past that.”). tense: Hereplaced added topastby mine:Reduction of / / to / n / in word-finalUse and go.”). of past nonstandard does U15.L5.S4; perfect that.”); tenses: You irregular U17.L9.S4FricativesNasalshas We to seen(“I don’t know whose car that is.”).using do and have. verbs She go (“You do in that. have (“She to• African AmericanLateral U10.L1.S1who: I don’t know who car that iswords: -ing U8.L9.S1 thang replaced position: (“thing”); by runnin’ -ang rang (“running”). single-syllable(“ring”). U5.L3.S6;The This possessive Possessive is mine’s form (“This ’s may ricewhose be mine.”)Variations subject-verb agreementreplaced added (“She’sthattopast (“We by mine: eatinghad told merice.”).that (“He toldU5.L8.S3;that.”).Reduction of / / to / n / in word-finalUse and saw go.”). of past nonstandard does that.”). U15.L5.S4; perfect that.”); tenses: You irregular U17.L9.S4 has We to seen(“I don’t know whose car that is.”).using do and have. verbs She go (“You do in that. have (“She to/ l / Lateral may U10.L1.S1who: I don’t know who car that isbe words: produced -ing U8.L9.S1 thang replaced as (“thing”); a separate by -ang rang single-syllable(“ring”).The This possessive is mine’s form (“Thisposition: runnin’ (“running”). U5.L3.S6;whose mine.”)Variations in subject-verb agreementThird Person -sreplaced that past (“We byUse and saw go.”). of past nonstandard does that.”). U15.L5.S4; perfect that.”); tenses: You irregular U17.L9.S4 has We to seen(“I don’t know whose car that is.”).verbs go (“You in have to/ d / replaces / th / in word-initialU9.L3.S4; U12.L4.S4using do and have. She do that. (“Shesyllable / l / Lateral may the U10.L1.S1who: I don’t know who car that isbe words: end produced -ing of words U8.L9.S1 thang replaced as (“thing”); like a separate by cool/ -ang rang single-syllable(“ring”).The possessive form whose replaced that past (“We byUse and saw go.”). of past nonstandard does that.”). U15.L5.S4; perfect that.”); tenses: You irregular U17.L9.S4 has We to seen verbs go (“You in have toVernacular English (AAVE)(“I don’t know whose car that is.”).coal. syllable U11.L8.S1 / l / Lateral may the U10.L1.S1who: I don’t know who car that isbe words: end produced -ing of words thang replaced as (“thing”); like a separate by cool/ -ang rang in single-syllable(“ring”).that past (“We Use and saw go.”). of past nonstandard that.”). U15.L5.S4; perfect tenses: irregular U17.L9.S4position: dis (“this”); dat (“that”). -s in third person singular may beWe seen(“I don’t know whose car that is.”).verbs in/ l / coal. may syllable U11.L8.S1 be / reduced l / Lateral may the U10.L1.S1 be words: end produced deleted of words thang in as wordmedial/ l / coal. or may word-final syllable U11.L8.S1 be / reduced l / Lateral may the U10.L1.S1 position: be or end produced deleted of he’p words in as word-like a separate cool/that (“We saw that.”).(“thing”); like a separate cool/ rang (“ring”).that past (“We Use and saw of past nonstandard that.”). perfect tenses: irregular We seen verbs inU8.L4.S1; • Appalachian U12.L3.S1deleted from regular verbs or added toBeen used to mark action that tookpast and past perfect tenses: We seenEnglish(“help”); medial / l feә / coal. or may (“feel”); word-final syllable U11.L8.S1 be / reduced l metuh / Lateral may the position: be (“metal”) or end produced deleted of he’p words in as wordmedial/ l feә / coal. or may (“feel”); word-final syllable U11.L8.S1 be / reduced l metuh / may at the position: be (“metal”) or end produced deleted of he’p words in as word-like a separate cool/like a separate cool/that (“We saw that.”).irregularU11.L8.S1verbs: He run. (“He runs.”); Weplace earlier in time yet is still pertinent(“help”);/ v / replaces / th / in word-medial andU11.L8.S1 (“help”); medial / l feә / coal. or may (“feel”); word-final syllable U11.L8.S1 be reduced metuh at position: (“metal”) or end deleted of he’p words in wordmedial/ l feә / coal. or may (“feel”); word-final U11.L8.S1 be reduced metuh position: (“metal”) or deleted he’p in word-like cool/• Hispanic American English goes there (“We go there.”). U4.L4.S3(present perfect): I been know youU11.L8.S1 (“help”);word-final position: mover (“mother”);U11.L8.S1forever (“I have known you forever.”).(“help”); medial / l feә / or may (“feel”); word-final be reduced metuh position: (“metal”) or deleted he’p in wordmedialfeә or (“feel”); word-final metuh position: (“metal”) he’pU11.L8.S1 (“help”);bave • Native (“bathe”). American U8.L6.S1; U12.L5.S1 PossessionArea of difficultyEnglishU11.L8.S1 (“help”); feә (“feel”); metuh (“metal”)Variations of theU11.L8.S1Possessive ’s is deleted in nouns.ContrastiveThekeyedverbtoBetheusedlessonstoAnalysis: American English Variations with Academic English A45/ f / replaces / th / in word-medialindicate habitual action. He always be• Southern Americanand word-final position: anyfing(“anything”); English baff (“bath”). U8.L5.S1;U12.L5.S1Contrastive Analyses:American English Variations with Academic Englishpossessive relies more on position thaninflection: The man car (“The man’scar.”). U3.L8.S3; U6.L5.S3; U7.L2.S4;U7.L7.S4Contrastive Analysis: American English Variations with Academic English A45Contrastive Analysis: American English Variations with Academic English A45Contrastive Analysis: American English Variations with Academic English A45Contrastive Analysis: U9.L7.S4American English Variations with Academic English A45Contrastive Analysis: American English Variations with Academic English A45Contrastive Analysis: American English Variations with Academic English A45doing this (“He is always doing this.”).Use of had to indicate past tense: Hehad told me that (“He told me that.”).NasalsPossessive ’s may be added to mine:Reduction of / ng / to / n / in word-finalThis is mine’s (“This is mine.”)Variations in subject-verb agreementposition: runnin’ (“running”). U5.L3.S6;using do and have. She do that. (“SheU8.L9.S1The possessive form whose replaced bydoes that.”); You has to go (“You have to26 LANGUAGE! Overview who: I don’t know who car that iswww.sopriswest.com/language-ing replaced by -ang in single-syllablego.”). U15.L5.S4; U17.L9.S4