Chapter 3 – Key exemptions from <strong>Securities</strong> Act registrationaccord<strong>an</strong>ce with safe harbours underRegulation S, pursu<strong>an</strong>t to registration under <strong>the</strong><strong>Securities</strong> Act or <strong>an</strong> exemption fromregistration; <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>- prospectuses, advertisements, <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> all o<strong>the</strong>roffer<strong>in</strong>g materials <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> documents (o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong>press releases) used <strong>in</strong> connection with offers<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> sales dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> distribution compli<strong>an</strong>ceperiod must disclose that <strong>the</strong> securities are notregistered under <strong>the</strong> <strong>Securities</strong> Act <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> c<strong>an</strong>notbe sold <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States or to <strong>US</strong> persons(o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> distributors) unless so registered or<strong>an</strong> exemption from registration is available. 84• Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 40-day distribution compli<strong>an</strong>ce period,offers <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> sales of <strong>the</strong> security c<strong>an</strong>not be made to a<strong>US</strong> person o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> a distributor 85 (althoughexempt sales, such as to QIBs pursu<strong>an</strong>t to Rule 144A,may be made). 86• Any distributor sell<strong>in</strong>g securities to <strong>an</strong>o<strong>the</strong>rdistributor, dealer, or person receiv<strong>in</strong>g a sell<strong>in</strong>gcommission must deliver, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 40-day distributioncompli<strong>an</strong>ce period, a confirmation or noticeto <strong>the</strong> purchaser stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> purchaser is subjectto <strong>the</strong> same resale restrictions as <strong>the</strong> distributor. 87The 40-day distribution compli<strong>an</strong>ce period beg<strong>in</strong>s on<strong>the</strong> later of <strong>the</strong> date of <strong>the</strong> clos<strong>in</strong>g or <strong>the</strong> date on whichsecurities were first offered to persons o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>istributors (generally, <strong>the</strong> pric<strong>in</strong>g date). 88(c) Category 3The third category is a catch-all <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> has <strong>the</strong> mostrestrictive conditions. It <strong>in</strong>cludes all securities that arenot eligible for Category 1 or 2, such as <strong>an</strong>y securities ofa non-report<strong>in</strong>g domestic <strong>US</strong> issuer, equity securities ofa report<strong>in</strong>g domestic <strong>US</strong> issuer <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> equity securities of <strong>an</strong>on-report<strong>in</strong>g foreign issuer (with subst<strong>an</strong>tial <strong>US</strong>market <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> equity securities of that issuer). 89In addition to <strong>the</strong> Regulation S General Conditions, <strong>an</strong>issuer must also meet <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g conditions:• Each of <strong>the</strong> offer<strong>in</strong>g restrictions described above forCategory 2 must be met, 90 except that a one-yeardistribution compli<strong>an</strong>ce period applies to <strong>offer<strong>in</strong>gs</strong> ofequity securities 91 <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> a 40-day distributioncompli<strong>an</strong>ce period applies to <strong>offer<strong>in</strong>gs</strong> of debtsecurities. 92• Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> applicable distribution compli<strong>an</strong>ceperiod, offers or sales c<strong>an</strong>not be made to a <strong>US</strong> persono<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> a distributor 93 (although exempt sales, suchas to QIBs pursu<strong>an</strong>t to Rule 144A, may be made)<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case of equity securities:- <strong>the</strong> purchaser (o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> a distributor) mustcertify that it is not a <strong>US</strong> person;- <strong>the</strong> purchaser must agree to resell <strong>the</strong> securitiesonly <strong>in</strong> accord<strong>an</strong>ce with Regulation S, pursu<strong>an</strong>tto registration under <strong>the</strong> <strong>Securities</strong> Act or <strong>an</strong>exemption from registration; <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>- certa<strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r restrictions must be satisfied,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a prohibition aga<strong>in</strong>st corporateregistration of tr<strong>an</strong>sfers not made <strong>in</strong> accord<strong>an</strong>cewith Regulation S. 94• Debt securities generally must be represented uponissu<strong>an</strong>ce by a temporary global security notexch<strong>an</strong>geable for def<strong>in</strong>itive securities until <strong>the</strong>expiration of <strong>the</strong> 40-day distribution compli<strong>an</strong>ceperiod <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>, for persons o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> distributors, untilcertification of beneficial ownership by a non-<strong>US</strong>person. 95• Any distributor sell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> securities to <strong>an</strong>o<strong>the</strong>rdistributor, dealer, or person receiv<strong>in</strong>g a sell<strong>in</strong>gcommission must deliver, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> applicabledistribution compli<strong>an</strong>ce period, a notice or confirmationto <strong>the</strong> purchaser stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> purchaser issubject to <strong>the</strong> same resale restrictions as <strong>the</strong>distributor. 96www.iflr.com<strong>US</strong> SECURITIES OFFERINGS: A GUIDE FOR NON-<strong>US</strong> ISSUERS17
Chapter 3 – Key exemptions from <strong>Securities</strong> Act registrationPractice po<strong>in</strong>t:Equity securities issued by a domestic <strong>US</strong> issuer(whe<strong>the</strong>r report<strong>in</strong>g or non-report<strong>in</strong>g) pursu<strong>an</strong>t toRegulation S are considered “restricted securities” 97subject to limitations on resale, <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> rema<strong>in</strong> restrictedsecurities even after <strong>an</strong> exempt resale pursu<strong>an</strong>t toRegulation S. 98 As a practical matter, <strong>the</strong> required certifications<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r restrictions have severely limited<strong>the</strong> use of Regulation S for exempt sales of equitysecurities by domestic <strong>US</strong> issuers.(ii) The resale safe harbour<strong>Securities</strong> Act Rule 904 provides a safe harbour foroffshore resales by persons o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> issuers,distributors, <strong>the</strong>ir affiliates, <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> persons act<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>irbehalf. Resales of securities by <strong>the</strong>se persons are subjectonly to <strong>the</strong> Regulation S General Conditions. 99The resale safe harbour may also be relied upon bydealers <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> persons receiv<strong>in</strong>g sell<strong>in</strong>g concessions, exceptthat <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g additional conditions apply if <strong>the</strong>securities be<strong>in</strong>g resold are of <strong>the</strong> type <strong>in</strong>cluded with<strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> Category 2 or Category 3 safe harbour <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>the</strong> resaleis with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution compli<strong>an</strong>ce period imposedwith respect to those securities:• <strong>the</strong> seller <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>an</strong>y person act<strong>in</strong>g on behalf of <strong>the</strong> sellermust not know<strong>in</strong>gly offer or sell <strong>the</strong> securities to a<strong>US</strong> person; <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>• if <strong>the</strong> purchaser of <strong>the</strong> securities is also a securitiesprofessional, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> seller must deliver a confirmationor o<strong>the</strong>r notice stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> securities maybe offered <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> sold dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> distributioncompli<strong>an</strong>ce period only <strong>in</strong> accord<strong>an</strong>ce withRegulation S, pursu<strong>an</strong>t to registration under <strong>the</strong><strong>Securities</strong> Act or <strong>an</strong> exemption from registration. 100The resale safe harbour may also be relied upon bycerta<strong>in</strong> officers <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> directors who are affiliates of <strong>the</strong>issuer or a distributor, provided that <strong>the</strong> Regulation SGeneral Conditions are met <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> no remuneration ispaid o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> customary broker’s commissions. 101(iii) Violation of safe harbour conditionsThe consequences of a breach of <strong>the</strong> conditions for useof Regulation S could be dire, s<strong>in</strong>ce this wouldpotentially allow purchasers of <strong>the</strong> securities to resc<strong>in</strong>d<strong>the</strong>ir tr<strong>an</strong>saction. 102 If <strong>an</strong> issuer, distributor, <strong>an</strong>y of <strong>the</strong>irrespective affiliates, or <strong>an</strong>y person act<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir behalffails to comply with <strong>the</strong> Regulation S GeneralConditions, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> issuer safe harbour will not beavailable to <strong>an</strong>y person <strong>in</strong> connection with <strong>the</strong> offer orsale of <strong>the</strong> securities. However, if <strong>an</strong>y of <strong>the</strong>se personsfails to comply with <strong>an</strong>y of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r issuer safe harbourrequirements (<strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r words, o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> <strong>the</strong>Regulation S General Conditions), <strong>the</strong>n only <strong>the</strong> partywho fails to comply (as well as its agents <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> affiliates)will be unable to rely on <strong>the</strong> issuer safe harbourexemption. In that case, <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong>re may havebeen a breach on <strong>the</strong> part of <strong>the</strong> issuer, distributor, <strong>the</strong>iraffiliates, or agents (o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>an</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> officers ordirectors rely<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> resale exemption) does notgenerally negate a resale safe harbour exemption for <strong>an</strong>unaffiliated person. 103Section 4(2) private placementsSection 4(2) of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Securities</strong> Act exempts “tr<strong>an</strong>sactionsby <strong>an</strong> issuer not <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>an</strong>y public offer<strong>in</strong>g.” Theterm “public offer<strong>in</strong>g” is not def<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Securities</strong>Act <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>the</strong> scope of <strong>the</strong> Section 4(2) exemption haslargely evolved through case law, SEC pronouncements<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> market practice. It is hence not possible to map <strong>the</strong>borders of Section 4(2) precisely.The core issue is whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> persons to whomsecurities are offered need <strong>the</strong> protection of <strong>the</strong><strong>Securities</strong> Act – that is, whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y are sufficientlysophisticated so as to be able to fend for <strong>the</strong>mselves. 104In determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g whe<strong>the</strong>r a tr<strong>an</strong>saction is a publicoffer<strong>in</strong>g, relev<strong>an</strong>t factors <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> number of offerees<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir relationship to each o<strong>the</strong>r <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>the</strong> issuer, <strong>the</strong>number of securities be<strong>in</strong>g offered, <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong>offer<strong>in</strong>g <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>the</strong> m<strong>an</strong>ner <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> offer<strong>in</strong>g isconducted. 105 All of <strong>the</strong> surround<strong>in</strong>g circumst<strong>an</strong>cesmust be considered <strong>in</strong> this <strong>an</strong>alysis. 10618 <strong>US</strong> SECURITIES OFFERINGS: A GUIDE FOR NON-<strong>US</strong> ISSUERS www.iflr.com