Sustainable Building and Construction - International Environmental ...

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3.2.1.9 Durability Sustainable Building and Construction The utilisation of structural and functional durable components and materials allow a long-term use as well as the reduction of maintenance and renovation and refurbishment costs during the lifetime of buildings. Structural and functional durability is crucial for the reuse of components. A building design, well adapted to the specific climate is an important influencing factor for the durability of materials. The outside walls of buildings, without roof overhangs are for example not good adapted to humid and tropical climates because they are much more exposed to the rain as these of building with roof overhang, what may have an important influence on the durability and maintenance frequency of the utilised facade materials. Therefore a climate responsive building design is directly linked with the durability of the building structure. Illustration 35: Inappropriate reparation of an old mud plastered timbered wall, with cement mortar, at a house in the rural area of South Korea. Illustration 34: building in Osaka Japan with destroyed wall surface, caused by precipitation water, too small roof overhang and too low foundation. Additionally the clay wall has been covered with cement plaster, which is not appropriate regarding construction chemistry. Hence the plaster shows cracks and falls off on several parts. Materials and components with a long life cycle and optimised for their use have an important influence on the total lifecycle of a building. Additionally they may be reused after the end of a buildings life phase and may allow the construction of new buildings with a minimised necessity for the processing of new building materials. Therefore they can minimise the GHG emissions related to construction. Durability is also linked to knowledge and technology transfer concerning renewable materials. For the durability of the end product the time for the cutting of plants is crucial. E.g. trees should be cut during the season with 38
Sustainable Building and Construction reduced growth (autumn, winter or dry season)). The correct seasons for felling of bamboo are autumn and winter in the subtropics and the dry season in the tropics. Rule of thumb: The building material should be as structural durable and environmental friendly as possible. Regarding this the utilisation of bamboo is the measure of choice for nearly all construction projects, especially if it is locally available. A very good example for the multifunctional and appropriate use of bamboo is the construction of scaffolds even for the construction of skyscrapers, e.g. in Hong Kong. The well trained workers of mostly small enterprises do construct and deconstruct the bamboo scaffolds around three times faster and with much less construction and transport effort than the competitors with steel scaffolds do. The bamboo rods are connected only with plastic ties. For the deconstruction the ties are simply cut. While the bamboo rods are reused, the ties can not be reused but recycled. The scaffolds can be even constructed upside down from the top of buildings. Illustration 36: Comparison of strength values of fast growing bamboo with relative slow growing spruce. Mechanical / Technical properties kp/cm2 Wood Species Modulus of Elasticity Compression Strength σ d Tensile Strength σ z Bending Strength Spruce 111.000 430 900 660 67 Bamboo 200.000 621 - 930 1.484 – 3.843 763 – 2.760 198 σ b Shear Strength τ d Illustration 37: Efficiency of the material bamboo. Comparison of the energy balances for the production of different building materials and the relationship to their structural durability (e.g. certain stress capacity) informs about the sustainability and shows the efficiency of bamboo. Building material Energy of production MJ/kg Density kg/m3 Energy of production MJ/m3 Stress kN/cm2 Relationship of energy of production per unit stress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (4)/(5) (4)/(5) Steel 30,0 7.800 234.000 1,600 150.000 50 Concrete 0,8 2.400 1.920 0,080 24.000 8 Lumber 1,0 600 600 0,075 8.000 2,7 Bamboo 0,5 600 300 0,100 3.000 1 Comparison of production energy per unit stress (bamboo has factor 1) The Comparison of energy of production per unit stress gives an idea of the sustainability of bamboo. The production energy and the related greenhouse gas emissions for steel with a specific strength is around 50 times higher than for bamboo with same strength. 39
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Appendix 1 - “Planning Tools for
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Appendix 2 - Life Cycle Assessment
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Appendix 2 - Life Cycle Assessment
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Appendix 4 - International Case Stu
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Case Study Ethiopia - Hot and Dry C
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Case Study Tanzania - Hot and Humid
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Case Study Nicaragua - Hot and Humi
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Case Study Peru - Mountainous Clima
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Case Study China - Transition Zone
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Case Study Malaysia - Hot and Humid
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Case Study Philippines - Hot and Hu
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Case Study Thailand - Warm and Humi
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Case Study Australia - Moderate Cli
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Case Study Germany - Moderate Clima
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Appendix 5 - Physical Data From: Gu
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Appendix 6 - References Illustratio
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Appendix 7 - References Literature
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Appendix 7 - References Literature
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